獄

See also: 狱

獄 U+7344, 獄 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7344 ← 獃 [U+7343] CJK Unified Ideographs 獅 → [U+7345]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

獄 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 大竹卜口大 (KHYRK), four-corner 4323₄, composition ⿰狺犬)

Derived characters

• 𭗢, 嶽, 𧀀, 𡽺, 𩁓, 鸑(𬸚), 𡈭

Related characters

• 狱 (Simplified Chinese)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 717, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20603
• Dae Jaweon: page 1128, character 22
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1365, character 16
• Unihan data for U+7344

Chinese

trad.		獄
simp.		狱

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 獄
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (獄) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
嶽	*ŋroːɡ
鸑	*ŋroːɡ
哭	*ŋ̊ʰoːɡ
獄	*ŋoɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 㹜 (“two dogs”) + 言 (“words”) (㹜 = 犭 + 犬, two forms of “dog”). A place where dogs are barking (言) at each other, a jail with guard dogs.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): yù (yu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄩˋ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йү (yü, I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): juk⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngiu̍k

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiug⁶

• Jin (Wiktionary): yeh⁴
• Northern Min (KCR): ngṳ̀
• Eastern Min (BUC): ngṳ̆k / ngŏk
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ga̍k / gio̍k / ge̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ghêg⁸

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸yoq; ⁸gnioq

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yù
    • Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yù
    • Wade–Giles: yü⁴
    • Yale: yù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuh
    • Palladius: юй (juj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /y⁵¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йү (yü, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /y²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: juk⁶
    • Yale: yuhk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: juk⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yug⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊk̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiu̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngiug
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngiug⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯uk̚⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngiug⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋiʊk̚⁵/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: yeh⁴
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /yəʔ²/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳ̀
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋy⁴²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngṳ̆k / ngŏk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋyʔ⁵/, /ŋouʔ⁵/

Note:

• ngṳ̆k - literary;
• ngŏk - vernacular.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ga̍k
    • Tâi-lô: ga̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gak
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡak̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡak̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /ɡak̚⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gio̍k
    • Tâi-lô: gio̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: giok
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɔk̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɔk̚¹²¹/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ge̍k
    • Tâi-lô: gi̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gek
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪk̚⁴/

Note:

• ga̍k - vernacular;
• ge̍k/gio̍k - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: ghêg⁸
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ge̍k
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɡek̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸yoq; ⁸gnioq
    • MiniDict: yoh^入; nyoh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵hhioq; ⁵nyioq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦioʔ¹²/, /n̠ʲioʔ¹²/

Note:

• 5hhioq - common;
• 5nyioq - expected from historical rime.

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 獄
Mandarin	Beijing	/y⁵¹/
	Harbin	/y⁵³/
	Tianjin	/y⁵³/
	Jinan	/y²¹/
	Qingdao	/y⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/y²⁴/
	Xi'an	/y²¹/
	Xining	/y⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/y¹³/
	Lanzhou	/y¹³/
	Ürümqi	/y²¹³/
	Wuhan	/iəu²¹³/
	Chengdu	/yo³¹/ /y¹³/
	Guiyang	/iu²¹/
	Kunming	/iu³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʐuʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/yəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/yəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/yʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/y⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵioʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/ȵioʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦioʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ȵo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/niu²²/
	Tunxi	/ȵiu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʐəu²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/iəɯ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiuʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiuk̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/ŋiuk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jok̚²/
	Nanning	/juk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/juk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/giɔk̚⁵/ /gak̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋoʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋy⁴²/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/gek̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zok̚³/

---

• Middle Chinese: ngjowk

Rime
Character	獄
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	燭 (8)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚欲切
Baxter	ngjowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋuawk̚/
Li Rong	/ŋiok̚/
Wang Li	/ŋĭwok̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋi̯wok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	juk6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]rok/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋoɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	獄
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yù
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjowk ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]rok/
English	lawsuit; prison
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	獄
Reading #	1/1
No.	16032
Phonetic component	獄
Rime group	屋
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	玉
Old Chinese	/*ŋoɡ/

Definitions

獄

1. prison

   • 如有犯法，則司獄在。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     如有犯法，则司狱在。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version

     Rú yǒu fànfǎ, zé sī yù zài. [Pinyin]

     If there are those who break the law, then there are officers and jails to deal with them.

2. lawsuit; case

   • 小大之獄，雖不能察，必以情。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Xiǎo dà zhī yù, suī bùnéng chá, bì yǐ qíng. [Pinyin]

     Though unable personally to attend to the details of all trials, big and small, I always demand the facts.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 監獄 (“jail; prison”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		監獄, 監牢, 牢獄, 牢房
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	監獄, 班房兒, 泡兒局 dated
	Taiwan	監獄
	Chifeng	監獄
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	監獄, 笆籬子
	Harbin	監獄, 牢, 笆籬子
	Shenyang	牢, 班房, 笆籬子
	Singapore	監牢
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	監獄
	Tangshan	監獄
	Cangzhou	監獄, 班房兒
	Baoding	監獄
	Shijiazhuang	監獄
	Jinan	監獄, 監牢獄, 監
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	監牢獄, 監獄
	Qingdao	監牢獄
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	監, 牢
	Zhengzhou	監獄, 監, 牢
	Xi'an	監獄, 監, 牢
	Xining	牢, 班房
	Xuzhou	監獄, 牢, 大圈兒, 八號兒
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	班房子, 獄監
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	監獄, 牢, 班房
	Lanzhou	監獄, 班房子, 班房
	Ürümqi	監獄, 牢, 笆籬子, 班房子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	牢, 班房
	Wuhan	監獄, 牢, 班房
	Guiyang	監獄, 班房
	Kunming	監獄, 牢, 班房
	Guilin	監獄, 牢
	Liuzhou	監獄, 牢
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	牢
	Yangzhou	牢監, 牢, 班房
	Nantong	監牢, 牢
	Hefei	監獄
Cantonese	Guangzhou	監倉
	Hong Kong	監獄, 監倉, 祠堂
Gan	Nanchang	牢監, 班房
	Pingxiang	班房
Hakka	Meixian	監房
	Yudu	班房
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	監獄
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	監獄仔
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	監獄
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	監獄
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	監獄
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	監獄
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	監獄
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	監獄
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	監獄
Huizhou	Jixi	監牢
	Shexian	監牢, 牢
Jin	Taiyuan	牢, 班房
	Xinzhou	監牢, 監, 牢房, 牢, 班房
	Linhe	監獄, 監, 牢, 班房子
	Jining	班房
	Hohhot	監獄, 監, 牢, 獄, 班房
	Zhangjiakou	監獄, 牢
	Handan	監獄, 房子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	班房
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	監牢
Southern Min	Xiamen	監獄, 監牢, 班館, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated, 櫳間 dated, 鴿仔空 dated
	Quanzhou	監獄, 監牢
	Zhangzhou	監獄, 監牢, 班館, 館仔 dated, 櫳仔 dated
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	監獄, 監牢
	Kaohsiung	監獄
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	監獄, 櫳仔內
	Yilan (Toucheng)	監獄
	Tainan	監獄, 監牢, 櫳仔, 櫳仔間, 內籬仔 GT
	Tainan (Anping)	監獄, 櫳仔內
	Penghu (Xiyu)	監獄, 櫳仔內
	Penang (Hokkien)	跤跔, 跤跔間
	Singapore (Hokkien)	監牢, 釘鏈間
	Manila (Hokkien)	跤跔, 監獄
	Shantou	監獄
	Singapore (Teochew)	釘鏈間, 監牢
	Leizhou	監倉
Wu	Shanghai	監牢, 牢監
	Shanghai (Chongming)	監牢
	Danyang	監牢
	Hangzhou	牢監
	Ningbo	牢監, 監牢
	Wenzhou	牢監, 班房
	Jinhua	監牢
Xiang	Loudi	班房, 籠子
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

• 下地獄 / 下地狱
• 三字獄 / 三字狱
• 下獄 / 下狱 (xiàyù)
• 人間地獄 / 人间地狱 (rénjiān dìyù)
• 入獄 / 入狱 (rùyù)
• 具獄 / 具狱
• 典獄 / 典狱 (diǎnyù)
• 典獄長 / 典狱长 (diǎnyùzhǎng)
• 冤獄 / 冤狱 (yuānyù)
• 出獄 / 出狱 (chūyù)
• 劫獄 / 劫狱 (jiéyù)
• 問事獄具 / 问事狱具
• 地獄 / 地狱 (dìyù)
• 執獄 / 执狱
• 外役監獄 / 外役监狱
• 大獄 / 大狱
• 岸獄 / 岸狱
• 左獄 / 左狱
• 巫蠱之獄 / 巫蛊之狱
• 巴士底獄 / 巴士底狱 (Bāshìdǐ Yù)
• 折獄 / 折狱
• 拔舌地獄 / 拔舌地狱
• 政清獄簡 / 政清狱简
• 斃獄 / 毙狱 (bìyù)
• 文字獄 / 文字狱 (wénzìyù)
• 斷獄 / 断狱 (duànyù)
• 梁獄上書 / 梁狱上书
• 死獄 / 死狱
• 決獄 / 决狱
• 決獄斷刑 / 决狱断刑
• 法獄治罪 / 法狱治罪
• 活地獄 / 活地狱 (huódìyù)
• 滿獄 / 满狱
• 炸獄 / 炸狱
• 煉獄 / 炼狱 (liànyù)
• 片言折獄 / 片言折狱
• 牢獄 / 牢狱 (láoyù)
• 牢獄之災 / 牢狱之灾 (láoyùzhīzāi)
• 犁舌獄 / 犁舌狱
• 獄人 / 狱人
• 獄卒 / 狱卒 (yùzú)
• 獄吏 / 狱吏 (yùlì)
• 獄子 / 狱子
• 獄掾 / 狱掾
• 獄案 / 狱案
• 獄氣 / 狱气
• 獄犴 / 狱犴
• 獄訟 / 狱讼
• 獄警 / 狱警 (yùjǐng)
• 獄豻 / 狱豻
• 獄貨非寶 / 狱货非宝
• 畫地為獄 / 画地为狱
• 疑獄 / 疑狱 (yíyù)
• 監獄 / 监狱 (jiānyù)
• 競獄 / 竞狱
• 繫獄 / 系狱 (xìyù)
• 聽獄 / 听狱 (tīngyù)
• 胡藍之獄 / 胡蓝之狱
• 蔽獄 / 蔽狱
• 觥籌獄 / 觥筹狱
• 詔獄 / 诏狱
• 讞獄 / 谳狱
• 賣官鬻獄 / 卖官鬻狱
• 越獄 / 越狱 (yuèyù)
• 逃獄 / 逃狱 (táoyù)
• 邊獄 / 边狱
• 酒食地獄 / 酒食地狱
• 鋃鐺入獄 / 锒铛入狱 (lángdāngrùyù)
• 阿呼地獄 / 阿呼地狱
• 阿鼻地獄 / 阿鼻地狱 (ābí dìyù)
• 鬻獄 / 鬻狱 (yùyù)

Japanese

Kanji

獄

(Jōyō kanji)

1. prison
2. lawsuit; case

Readings

• Go-on: ごく (goku, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: ぎょく (gyoku)
• Kun: ひとや (hitoya, 獄)

Compounds

• 獄(ごく)衣(い) (gokui): prison clothes
• 獄則(ごくそく) (gokusoku): prison rules
• 地(じ)獄(ごく) (jigoku): hell
• 辺獄(へんごく) (hengoku): (theology) limbo
• 煉獄(れんごく) (rengoku): (theology) purgatory

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
獄
ごく Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 獄 / 狱 (ngjowk, “prison”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ごく [góꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɡo̞kɯ̟]

Noun

獄(ごく) • (goku) 

1. prison

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
獄
ひとや Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
人屋 囚獄

Compound of 人 (hito, “human”) +‎ 屋 (ya, “house”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ひとや [hìtóyá] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [çi̥to̞ja̠]

Noun

獄(ひとや) • (hitoya) 

1. prison

Korean

Hanja

獄 • (ok) (hangeul 옥)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

獄: Hán Nôm readings: ngục

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Nôm: ngục

References

• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999