故人

Chinese

		happening; instance; reason happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old	man; person; people
simp. and trad. (故人)		故	人

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gùrén

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ㄖㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gu³ jan⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gùrén
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄖㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gùrén
  - Wade–Giles: ku⁴-jên²
  - Yale: gù-rén
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhren
  - Palladius: гужэнь (gužɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gu³ jan⁴
  - Yale: gu yàhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gu³ jan⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gu³ yen⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³³ jɐn²¹/

Middle Chinese: kuH nyin

Rime
Character	故	人
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古暮切	如鄰切
Baxter	kuH	nyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo^H/	/ȵiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo^H/	/ȵin/
Shao Rongfen	/ko^H/	/ȵʑjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ^H/	/ȵin/
Li Rong	/ko^H/	/ȵiĕn/
Wang Li	/ku^H/	/ȵʑĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuo^H/	/ȵʑi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gù	rén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu³	jan⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ-s ni[ŋ]/

(Zhengzhang): /*kaːs njin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	故	人
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gù	rén
Middle Chinese	‹ ku^H ›	‹ nyin ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaʔ-s/	/*ni[ŋ]/
English	old (not new)	(other) person
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	故	人
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4228	10800
Phonetic component	古	人
Rime group	魚	眞
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	顧	仁
Old Chinese	/*kaːs/	/*njin/

Noun

故人

(literary) old friend
- 夫子出於山，舍於故人之家。故人喜，命豎子殺雁而烹之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  夫子出于山，舍于故人之家。故人喜，命竖子杀雁而烹之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Fūzǐ chū yú shān, shè yú gùrén zhī jiā. Gùrén xǐ, mìng shùzǐ shā yàn ér pēng zhī. [Pinyin]
  Having left the mountain, the Master lodged in the house of an old friend, who was glad to see him, and ordered his waiting-lad to kill a goose and boil it.
- 勸君更盡一杯酒，西出陽關無故人。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  劝君更尽一杯酒，西出阳关无故人。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 8th century, 王維 (Wang Wei), 渭城曲 (A Song at Weicheng)
  Quàn jūn gèng jìn yī bēi jiǔ, xī chū Yángguān wú gùrén. [Pinyin]
  Wait till we empty one more cup –
  West of Yang Gate there'll be no old friends.
(literary) the dead; the deceased; the departed
(literary) former spouse or lover
- 新人從門入　故人從閤去　新人工織縑　故人工織素 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  新人从门入　故人从𬮤去　新人工织缣　故人工织素 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Anonymous, 上山采蘼蕪
  xīnrén cóng mén rù, gùrén cóng gé qù, xīnrén gōng zhī jiān, gùrén gōng zhī sù [Pinyin]
  My new wife enters from the front door; my former wife leaves from the side door.
  My new wife is skilled in weaving fine silk; my former wife is skilled in weaving raw silk.
- 新人如花雖可寵，故人似玉由來重。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  新人如花虽可宠，故人似玉由来重。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Tang dynasty, 李白 (Li Bai), 怨情
  Xīnrén rú huā suī kě chǒng, gùrén sì yù yóulái zhòng. [Pinyin]
  Although my new lover is lovely like a flower, my old lover has always been dignified.
- 士之有文，如女之有色；文之有先輩、時輩，如色之有故人、新人。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  士之有文，如女之有色；文之有先辈、时辈，如色之有故人、新人。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Ming dynasty, 譚友夏, 官子時文稿序
  Shì zhī yǒu wén, rú nǚ zhī yǒu sè; wén zhī yǒu xiānbèi, shíbèi, rú sè zhī yǒu gùrén, xīnrén. [Pinyin]
  Gentlemen have literary talent, as ladies have beauty; those with literary talent may be elders or peers, as those who have beauty may be former or new lovers.

Synonyms

(old friend):

edit

故交 (gùjiāo) (literary)
故友 (gùyǒu)
故知 (gùzhī) (literary)
故舊 / 故旧 (gùjiù) (literary)
老友 (lǎoyǒu)
老朋 (Cantonese)
老朋友
老盆友 (lǎopényǒu) (neologism, Internet, slang, humorous, cute-sounding)
老相識 / 老相识 (lǎoxiāngshí)
舊交 / 旧交 (jiùjiāo)
舊友 / 旧友 (jiùyǒu)
舊故 / 旧故 (jiùgù) (literary)
舊知 / 旧知 (jiùzhī) (literary)

(the dead):

edit

亡人 (wángrén) (literary)
亡者 (wángzhě) (literary)
往生者 (wǎngshēngzhě) (Buddhism, euphemism)
死人 (sǐrén)
死者 (sǐzhě)
瓜碼子 / 瓜码子 (gua¹ ma³ zr) (Xiang)
聖人 / 圣人 (Hokkien, euphemism)
逝者 (shìzhě) (literary)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
故	人
こ Grade: 5	じん Grade: 1
kan'on

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こじん [kóꜜjìǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ʑĩɴ]

Noun

故(こ)人(じん) • (kojin) ^{←こじん (kozin)^?}

a deceased person
(archaic) an old friend; a friend from the past

Synonyms

(deceased person): See Thesaurus:死人
(old friend): 旧(きゅう)友(ゆう) (kyūyū)

References

^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
故	人

Noun

故人 • (goin) (hangeul 고인)

hanja form^? of 고인 (“deceased”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
故	人

Noun

故人

chữ Hán form of cố nhân (“old friend”).

[SMK7-1] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]