忠信

Chinese

		loyal	letter; true; to believe letter; true; to believe; sign; evidence
simp. and trad. (忠信)		忠	信

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhōngxìn

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ seon³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chûng-sin
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiong-sìn

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhōngxìn
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhongsìn
    • Wade–Giles: chung¹-hsin⁴
    • Yale: jūng-syìn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongshinn
    • Palladius: чжунсинь (čžunsinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zung¹ seon³
    • Yale: jūng seun
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ soen³
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ sên³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɵn³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chûng-sin
    • Hakka Romanization System: zung^ˊ xin
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zung¹ xin⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sin⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiong-sìn
    • Tâi-lô: tiong-sìn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diongsixn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ sin⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: trjuwng sinH

Rime
Character	忠	信
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	陟弓切	息晉切
Baxter	trjuwng	sinH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨuŋ/	/siɪnH/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiuŋ/	/sinH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiuŋ/	/sjenH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuwŋ/	/sinH/
Li Rong	/ȶiuŋ/	/siĕnH/
Wang Li	/ȶĭuŋ/	/sĭĕnH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȶi̯uŋ/	/si̯ĕnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng	xìn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung1	san3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ  s-ni[ŋ]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ  hljins/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	忠	信
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōng	xìn
Middle Chinese	‹ trjuwng ›	‹ sinH ›
Old Chinese	/*truŋ/	/*s-ni[ŋ]-s/
English	loyal	truthful
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	忠	信
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	17408	13849
Phonetic component	中	信
Rime group	終	眞
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	中	信
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ/	/*hljins/
Notes		金文或從人從口， 本指操信符傳言之信使， 故表可信，或從言身聲

Adjective

忠信

1. faithful and honest; loyal and sincere

   • 君子進德脩業，忠信所以進德也。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     君子进德修业，忠信所以进德也。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: I Ching, 11^th – 8^th century BCE

     Jūnzǐ jìndé xiūyè, zhōngxìn suǒyǐ jìndé yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 孝敬忠信為吉德，盜賊藏姦為凶德。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     孝敬忠信为吉德，盗贼藏奸为凶德。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Xiàojìng zhōngxìn wéi jídé, dàozéi cángjiān wéi xiōngdé. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 人之行己，莫大於孝悌忠信。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]

     From: 《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records), 1407

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 及其暇日，申之以孝悌忠信，使國人知親上死長之義。 [Vietnamese Literary Sinitic, trad.]

     From: 1469, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Peripheral Records volume 4, in 孫曉 (Sun Xiao), chief editor, 《標點校勘本大越史記全書》, →ISBN, page 94

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)