堆

堆 U+5806, 堆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5806 ← 堅 [U+5805] CJK Unified Ideographs 堇 → [U+5807]

Translingual

Han character

堆 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土人土 (GOG), four-corner 4011₄, composition ⿰土隹)

Derived characters

• 𠼲 𣼭 𣊌 𣙯 𦟿 𥊖 𧐻 𨄺 𠐸 𡳪 𨬉 𡓋 𣙇 𨄟 𩅚

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5211
• Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 454, character 4
• Unihan data for U+5806

Chinese

simp. and trad.		堆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (隹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蜼	*lus, *rulʔ, *luls
堆	*tuːl
嵟	*tuːl
碓	*tuːls
推	*tʰuːl, *tʰjul
蓷	*tʰuːl, *tʰjul
陮	*duːlʔ
魋	*duːl
嶊	*stuːlʔ
崔	*zluːl, *sʰluːl
猚	*ŋreːl, *rulʔ
椎	*dul
顀	*dul
隹	*tjul
錐	*tjul
萑	*kljul
騅	*tjul
鵻	*sɢʷinʔ, *tjul
誰	*djul
脽	*djul

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tuːl) : semantic 土 + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul).

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) takes its first appearance in Chu Ci as suggestive of foreign origin. Possibly related to:

• Proto-Tai *C̥.doːjᴬ (“mountain”) (whence Thai ดอย (dɔɔi), Saek [script needed] (rɔ:jᴬ¹), Zhuang ndoi)
• Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaɨᴰ (“mountain”), or
• Austroasiatic, e.g. Middle Mon [script needed] (duiw, “hill, hilltop”)

Possibly connected with 屯 (OC *duːn).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): duī (dui¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): dui¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi¹ / zeoi¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): dui¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): tôi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): doi¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): dui¹ / zui¹
• Northern Min (KCR): dó
• Eastern Min (BUC): dŏi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tui / tu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dui¹ / du¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹te
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dei¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: duī
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: duei
    • Wade–Giles: tui¹
    • Yale: dwēi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duei
    • Palladius: дуй (duj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: dui¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dui
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuei⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: deoi¹ / zeoi¹
    • Yale: dēui / jēui
    • Cantonese Pinyin: doey¹ / dzoey¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: dêu¹ / zêu¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sɵy̯⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: dui¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tôi
    • Hakka Romanization System: doi^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: doi¹
    • Sinological IPA: /toi̯²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: doi¹
    • Sinological IPA: /toɪ⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: dui¹ / zui¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuei¹¹/, /t͡suei¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dó
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /to⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dŏi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tøy⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui
    • Tâi-lô: tui
    • Phofsit Daibuun: duy
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tui³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tu
    • Tâi-lô: tu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dw
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tu³³/

Note:

• tui - literary;
• tu - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: dui¹ / du¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tui / tu
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tui³³/, /tu³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹te
    • MiniDict: te^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹te
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /te⁵³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: dei¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /te̞i̯³³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 堆
Mandarin	Beijing	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/tuei²¹/
	Jinan	/tuei²¹³/ /t͡suei²¹³/
	Qingdao	/tue²¹³/ /t͡sue²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/tuei²⁴/
	Xi'an	/tuei²¹/
	Xining	/tuɨ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/tuei³¹/
	Ürümqi	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/tei⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/tuei⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/tuei⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/tuəi³¹/
	Hefei	/te²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tuei¹¹/ /t͡suei¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡suei¹³/ /tuæ¹³/
	Hohhot	/tuei³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/te⁵³/
	Suzhou	/te̞⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/tui³³/
	Wenzhou	/tai³³/
Hui	Shexian	/tɛ³¹/
	Tunxi	/tə¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tei³³/
	Xiangtan	/təi³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/tui⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/toi⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/toi²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tøy⁵³/
	Nanning	/tui⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tøy⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tui⁵⁵/ /tu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/tøy⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/to⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/tui³³/ /tu³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ʔdui²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: twoj

Rime
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都回切
Baxter	twoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoi/
Shao Rongfen	/tuɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twəj/
Li Rong	/tuᴀi/
Wang Li	/tuɒi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deoi1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.tˤuj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tuːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	duī
Middle Chinese	‹ twoj ›
Old Chinese	/*C.tˁuj/
English	heap; mound
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堆
Reading #	1/1
No.	17705
Phonetic component	隹
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	磓
Old Chinese	/*tuːl/
Notes	見史記

Definitions

堆

1. heap; pile; mound

   垃圾堆  ―  lājī duī  ―  trash pile

2. (computing) heap

   堆分配  ―  duī fēnpèi  ―  heap allocation

3. to pile up; to stack up
4. Classifier for objects organised in piles: pile; lump; heap; clump; mound

   一堆垃圾  ―  yī duī lājī  ―  a pile of trash

5. mound (usually in placenames)

   • 踰隴堆兮渡漠，過桂車兮合黎。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     逾陇堆兮渡漠，过桂车兮合黎。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE

     Yú Lǒngduī xī dù mò, guò Guìchē xī Hélí. [Pinyin]

     I crossed the Long mounds then traversed the desert, passed underneath the foot of Gui-ju and He-li.

6. Alternative form of 䭔 / 𫗰 (duī)

   used in 煎䭔／煎𫗰

Compounds

• 一堆 (yīduī)
• 三堆河 (Sānduīhé)
• 估堆兒 / 估堆儿
• 吉丟古堆 / 吉丢古堆
• 土堆 (tǔduī)
• 垃圾堆 (lājīduī)
• 堆下笑
• 堆垛
• 堆堆
• 堆子
• 堆山塞海
• 堆摞
• 堆放 (duīfàng)
• 堆棧 / 堆栈 (duīzhàn)
• 堆滿 / 堆满
• 堆焊
• 堆疊 / 堆叠 (duīdié)
• 堆砌 (duīqì)
• 堆碼 / 堆码
• 堆積 / 堆积 (duījī)
• 堆積如山 / 堆积如山 (duījīrúshān)
• 堆積平原 / 堆积平原
• 堆笑
• 堆紅 / 堆红
• 堆絹 / 堆绢
• 堆繡 / 堆绣
• 堆置
• 堆肥 (duīféi)
• 堆花
• 堆花燒酒 / 堆花烧酒
• 堆豗
• 堆貨 / 堆货
• 堆貯 / 堆贮
• 堆金
• 堆金積玉 / 堆金积玉
• 堆集 (duījí)
• 堆鴉 / 堆鸦
• 大堆
• 大陸隆堆 / 大陆隆堆
• 孤堆
• 扎堆 (zhāduī)
• 打灰堆
• 撲堆 / 扑堆
• 故紙堆 / 故纸堆 (gùzhǐduī)
• 是非堆
• 末子堆
• 桑堆 (Sāngduī)
• 歸裡包堆 / 归里包堆
• 泥堆
• 滿臉堆笑 / 满脸堆笑
• 滿面堆笑 / 满面堆笑
• 灩澦堆 / 滟滪堆 (Yànyùduī)
• 煎堆 (jiānduī)
• 狗屎堆 (gǒushǐduī)
• 瓊堆玉砌 / 琼堆玉砌
• 白龍堆 / 白龙堆
• 盤堆 / 盘堆
• 積玉堆金 / 积玉堆金
• 纍堆 / 累堆
• 草堆 (cǎoduī)
• 送作堆
• 離堆山 / 离堆山
• 雷堆
• 馬王堆 / 马王堆 (Mǎwángduī)
• 鬢若堆鴉 / 鬓若堆鸦
• 魁堆

 

Japanese

Kanji

堆

(Jōyō kanji)

1. a river bank; a marine ridge, a marine bank

Readings

• Go-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)、て (te)
• Kan-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)
• Kan’yō-on: つい (tsui)
• Kun: うずたかい (uzutakai, 堆い)

Compounds

• 堆積(たいせき) (taiseki)
• 堆(たい)肥(ひ) (taihi)

Korean

Hanja

堆 • (toe) (hangeul 퇴, revised toe, McCune–Reischauer t'oe)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

堆: Hán Nôm readings: đôi, chui, đồi, doi, nhoi, duôi, đòi

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.