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たい

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: だい and タイ

Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Alternative spelling
度い (obsolete)

From たし (-tashi), generally regarded as a shift from Old Japanese いたし (itasi, “painful”), modern 痛い (itai).[1] Appears as a verbal suffix from at least The Tale of the Heike completed before 1330. Replaces previous volitional or desiderative suffix まほし (mahoshi).[2]

Pronunciation

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  • In Tokyo speech, the accent of the verb construction depends on the suffixed verb:[3]
    • If the suffixed verb is accented, the accent falls on the first mora in the suffix: つく​る [tsùkúꜜrù] (Nakadaka) → つくりた​い [tsùkúrítáꜜì] (Nakadaka)
    • If the suffixed verb is non-accented and the suffix is in the dictionary form (nonpast), the result is either non-accented or accented on the first mora of the suffix: あそぶ [àsóbú] (Heiban – [0]) → あそびたい [àsóbítáí] (Heiban – [0]) or あそびた​い [àsóbítáꜜì] (Nakadaka). Further conjugation is based on the accented version.

Suffix

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たい • (-tai) -i (adverbial たく (-taku))

  1. Used to form the desiderative of verbs: want (to do); hope (to do)
    読(よ)みたいなら貸(か)すよ
    yomitai nara kasu yo
    If you want to read it, I can lend it to you.
    彼(かれ)は注(ちゅう)目(もく)されたい
    kare wa chūmoku saretai
    He wants to gain other people's attention.
    アイスが食(た)べたい
    aisu ga tabetai
    I want to eat ice cream.
  2. (only with verb ある, である and honorifics) Expressing a wish of the speaker: I hope that; I wish that
    正(しょう)直(じき)者(もの)がばかを見(み)ない世(よ)の中(なか)でありたい
    shōjikimono ga baka o minai yo no naka de aritai
    I wish in this world the honest people would not suffer losses.
    別(べっ)表(ぴょう)を参(さん)照(しょう)されたい
    beppyō o sanshō saretai
    Please see the appendix table.
Usage notes
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  • Outside of questions, the suffix たい (-tai) is used mainly to talk about the speaker's own wants. When describing the wants of someone else, the suffix たがる (-tagaru) is used instead.
  • Attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verbs. The result is conjugated like an adjective (形容詞) but allows for the combination with nominal particles such as を, unlike regular adjectives. Both particle uses have been widespread since the Muromachi period.[4]
Inflection rules for the たい form
Word dictionary form ren'yōkei + -tai historical kana
godan verbs (type 1)
書く かく (káꜜkù) かきたい (kàkítáꜜì)
泳ぐ およぐ (òyóꜜgù) およぎたい (òyógítáꜜì)
話す はなす (hànáꜜsù) はなしたい (hànáshítáꜜì)
待つ まつ (máꜜtsù) まちたい (màchítáꜜì)
死ぬ しぬ (shìnú) しにたい (shìnítáí)
しにたい (shìnítáꜜì)
呼ぶ よぶ (yòbú) よびたい (yòbítáí)
よびたい (yòbítáꜜì)
読む よむ (yóꜜmù) よみたい (yòmítáꜜì)
作る つくる (tsùkúꜜrù) つくりたい (tsùkúrítáꜜì)
買う かう (kàú) かいたい (kàítáí)
かいたい (kàítáꜜì)		 かひたい
ichidan verbs (type 2)
見る みる (míꜜrù) みたい (mìtáꜜì)
開ける あける (àkérú) あけたい (àkétáí)
あけたい (àkétáꜜì)
irregular verbs (type 3)
来る くる (kúꜜrù) きたい (kìtáꜜì)
する する (sùrú) したい (shìtáí)
したい (shìtáꜜì)
死(し)にたくない ― shinitakunai ― do not want to die
それを食(た)べたかった。 ― sore o tabetakatta. ― I wanted to eat that.
  • Except for sense 2 (see above), たい does not express the meaning "someone wants other people to do something". In that case, 欲しい is usually used instead. Compare:
彼(かの)女(じょ)は帰(かえ)りたい
kanojo wa kaeritai
She wants to go home.
彼(かの)女(じょ)は帰(かえ)ってほしい
kanojo wa kaette hoshii
I want that she goes home. → I want her to go home.
  • Verb with たい can sometimes mark the grammatical object with が, besides the normal object marker を.
アイスが食(た)べたい
aisu ga tabetai
I want to eat ice cream.
アイスを食(た)べたい
aisu o tabetai
I want to eat ice cream.
  • This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
Inflection
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Inflection of たい
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) たかろ takaro
Continuative (連用形) たく taku
Terminal (終止形) たい tai
Attributive (連体形) たい tai
Hypothetical (仮定形) たけれ takere
Imperative (命令形) たかれ takare
Key constructions
Informal negative たくない taku nai
Informal past たかった takatta
Informal negative past たくなかった taku nakatta
Formal たいです tai desu
Formal negative たくないです taku nai desu
Formal past たかったです takatta desu
Formal negative past たくなかったです taku nakatta desu
Conjunctive たくて takute
Conditional たければ takereba
Provisional たかったら takattara
Volitional たかろう takarō
Adverbial たく taku
Degree たさ tasa
Classical conjugation of "たし" (ク活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) たく[1]
たから[2]		 taku
takara
Continuative (連用形) たく[1]
たかり[2]		 taku
takari
Terminal (終止形) たし tasi
Attributive (連体形) たき
たかる		 taki
takaru
Realis (已然形) たけれ takere
Imperative (命令形) たかれ takare
Key constructions
Negative たからず takarazu
Contrasting conjunction たけれど takeredo
Causal conjunction たければ takereba
Conditional conjunction たくば takuba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) たかりき takariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) たかりけり takarikeri
Adverbial たく taku
[1]Without auxiliary verb.
[2]With auxiliary verb.
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Particle

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たい • (tai) 

  1. (Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki)[5] sentence-ending particle indicating emphasis
    そうですたい
    sō desu tai
    (please add an English translation of this example)

See also

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Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry.
【鯛】J
[noun] sea bream (fish of the family Sparidae); porgy
[noun] specifically, the 真鯛(まだ) (mada, “red sea bream”)
[proper noun] a surname
Alternative spelling
タイ
(This term, たい (tai), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.)
For a list of all kanji read as たい, see Category:Japanese kanji read as たい.)

Etymology 4

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For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entries.
【体】2
[counter] counter for humanoid objects
[noun] the body (e.g., of a human or animal)
[noun] (particularly) the torso excluding the limbs: the trunk, abdomen
[noun] a substance, matter
[noun] a form, shape
[noun] (algebra) field (commutative ring with invertible nonzero elements)
【対】3
[conjunction] versus
【太】2
[prefix] big, fat, great
【態】5
[noun] (grammar) voice - a particular mode of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses.
[suffix] (grammar) voice, diathesis
【胎】S
[noun] womb
【敦】J
[noun] dui (vessel)
【他意】
[noun] other intention
[noun] ulterior motive
(This term, たい (tai), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as たい, see Category:Japanese kanji read as たい.)

(The following entries are uncreated: 隊, 袋, 堆, 泰.)

Etymology 5

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For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry: 田井

(The following entry is uncreated: 田井.)

Etymology 6

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For pronunciation and definitions of たい – see the following entry: 田居

(The following entry is uncreated: 田居.)

References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Online Japanese Accent Dictionary (OJAD)
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  5. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (2018), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
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