四代

Chinese

		four	dynasty; generation
simp. and trad. (四代)		四	代

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): sìdài

  (Zhuyin): ㄙˋ ㄉㄞˋ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sìdài
    • Zhuyin: ㄙˋ ㄉㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sìhdài
    • Wade–Giles: ssŭ⁴-tai⁴
    • Yale: sz̀-dài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: syhday
    • Palladius: сыдай (sydaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/

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• Middle Chinese: sijH dojH

Rime
Character	四	代
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	息利切	徒耐切
Baxter	sijH	dojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/siɪH/	/dʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/siH/	/dəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/sjɪH/	/dɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/siH/	/dəjH/
Li Rong	/siH/	/dᴀiH/
Wang Li	/siH/	/dɒiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/siH/	/dʱɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sì	dài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	si3	doi6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.li[j]-s  lˤək-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hljids  l'ɯːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	四	代
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sì	dài
Middle Chinese	‹ sijH ›	‹ dojH ›
Old Chinese	/*s.li[j]-s/	/*lˁək-s/
English	four	replace
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	四	代
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12022	14963
Phonetic component	四	弋
Rime group	至	代
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	四	代
Old Chinese	/*hljids/	/*l'ɯːɡs/

Proper noun

四代

1. (historical) the Four Dynasties, a collective name for the pre-imperial dynasties: Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou

   • 《書》之所興，蓋與文字俱起。孔子觀書周室，得虞、夏、商、周四代之典，刪其善者，上自虞，下至周，爲百篇，編而序之。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     《书》之所兴，盖与文字俱起。孔子观书周室，得虞、夏、商、周四代之典，删其善者，上自虞，下至周，为百篇，编而序之。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Sui, 636 CE

     “shū” zhī suǒ xìng, gài yǔ wénzì jù qǐ. Kǒngzǐ guānshū Zhōushì, dé Yú, Xià, Shāng, Zhōu sìdài zhī diǎn, shān qí shàn zhě, shàng zì Yú, xià zhì Zhōu, wéi bǎi piān, biān ér xù zhī. [Pinyin]

     The Book of Documents likely emerged alongside with the advent of Chinese characters. When Confucius studied the texts preserved in the Zhou royal library, he obtained the historical records of the four dynasties—Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou. He selected the finest portions, compiling them into one hundred chapters spanning from the era of Yu down to the Zhou dynasty, and edited them with explanatory prefaces.

Synonyms

• (pre-imperial dynasties):

三代 (sāndài) (ordinary term)

See also

唐虞 (Táng-Yú, “legendary pre-Xia dynasty, reputed to be founded by Emperor Shun”)

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name	Time period	Divisions
Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代)	2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代)	1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代)	1046 – 256 BCE	Western Zhou 西周
		Eastern Zhou 東周 / 东周	Spring and Autumn period 春秋
			Warring States period 戰國 / 战国
Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代)	221 – 206 BCE
Han 漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代)	206 BCE – 220 C.E.	Western Han 西漢 / 西汉
		Xin 新 (～朝)
		Eastern Han 東漢 / 东汉
Three Kingdoms 三國 / 三国	220 – 280 C.E.	Wei 魏
		Shu Han 蜀漢 / 蜀汉
		Wu 吳 / 吴
Jin 晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Western Jin 西晉 / 西晋
		Eastern Jin 東晉 / 东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝	420 – 589 C.E.	Northern dynasties 北朝	Northern Wei 北魏
			Western Wei 西魏
			Eastern Wei 東魏 / 东魏
			Northern Zhou 北周
			Northern Qi 北齊 / 北齐
		Southern dynasties 南朝	Liu Song 劉宋 / 刘宋
			Southern Qi 南齊 / 南齐
			Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代)
			Chen 陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代)	581 – 618 C.E.
Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代)	618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 / 五代十国	907 – 960 C.E.
Liao 遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代)	907 – 1125 C.E.
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Northern Song 北宋
		Southern Song 南宋
Western Xia 西夏	1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin 金 (～朝, ～代)	1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao 西遼 / 西辽	1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代)	1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming 明 (～朝, ～代)	1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing 清 (～朝, ～代)	1636 – 1912 C.E.

Noun

四代

1. four generations (of a family)
2. fourth generation (also attributively)

   四代機／四代机  ―  sìdài jī  ―  fourth-generation fighter