Appendix:Old Galician-Portuguese personal pronouns

Personal pronouns

Inflection of personal pronouns in Old Galician-Portuguese

			nominative	oblique1 (prepositional)		objective
Person	No	Gender	subject	plain	con + form 2	indirect object	direct object	reflexive
1st	sg		eu ei	mi min	migo mego comigo comego	me mi min	me mi min	me mi min
2nd	sg		tu ti	ti	tigo tego contigo contego	che chi te ti	te ti	te ti
2nd	sg		vossa mercee	vossa mercee si, xi	con vossa mercee sigo sego consigo consego	lhe lhi	vossa mercee o, u, lo, no 5, 6 a, la, na 5, 7	se,si xe, xi
3rd	sg	m	el ele	el ele si, xi 4	con el con ele sigo sego consigo consego		o, u, lo, no 5
3rd	sg	n	elo	elo si, xi 4	con elo sigo sego consigo consego
3rd	sg	f	ela	ela si, xi 4	con ela sigo sego consigo consego		a, la, na 5
1st	pl		nos		nósco conósco	nos	nos	nos
1st	pl	m	nos outros *nos oitros3		con nos outros *con nos oitros
1st	pl	f	nos outras *nos oitras3		con nos outras *con nos oitras
2nd	sg (formal); pl		vos		vósco covósco	vos	vos	vos
2nd	pl	m	vos outros *vos oitros3		con vos outros *con vos oitros
2nd	pl	f	vos outras *vos oitras3		con vos outras *con vos oitras
3rd	pl	m	eles	eles si, xi 4	con eles sigo sego consigo consego	lhe lhi lhes lhis	os, us, los, nos 5	se, si xe, xi
3rd	pl	n	elos	elos si, xi 4	con elos sigo sego consigo consego
3rd	pl	f	elas	elas si, xi 4	con elas sigo sego consigo consego		as, las, nas 5
1 Oblique forms are used following most prepositions. 2 All personal pronouns compound with the preposition con, but the meaning varies with grammatical person (see below). 3 The longer alternative forms may be used when there is a possibility of confusion with the contraction nos (“in the”). 4 The pronouns si and xi are the reflexive third-person forms in both the singular and plural. 5 The forms prefixed with l- or n- are used only in certain cases for consonantal agreement (see below). 6 Masculine form for vossa mercee. 7 Feminine form for vossa mercee.

Usage

Nominative forms

Nominative forms of Old Galician-Portuguese pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. However, because Old Galician-Portugese verb conjugation implies the subject pronoun, these forms are often omitted except in cases where the subject pronoun is given emphasis.

• Subject implied by verb:

  Sõo de Espanha. — “I am from Spain.”

• Subject given for emphasis:

  El de Portugal é, pero eu sõo de Espanha. — “He is from Portugal, but I am from Spain.”

Accusative inflection

The third-person pronouns o, os, a, and as, have variant forms prefixed with l- or n- which appear depending on the ending of the preceding word. The l- forms are used when the preceding word ends in -r or -s. With that, the sentence “o ajudar” can become “ajudá-lo”. The same is applied to “e tu o negas?” which can be replaced by “e tu negá-lo?” analogously. The n- forms are used when the preceding word ends with any nasal sound, that is, the sentence “elas o acusam?” can be “elas acusam-no” as the letter <m> is nasal to that language.

In addition to it, there are two other third-person pronouns -u and -us. They generally are suffixed to verbs whose infinitive forms end with -ar and are in the third-person singular of the present tense. See the following examples: amoou-u, amoo-u, amó-u (from amar); catoou-u, catoo-u, cató-u (from catar); amoou-us, amoo-us, amó-us; catoou-us, catoo-us, cató-us. The pronouns such as o and os can replace them, but only when the verb ends with the ou diphthong as in: amou-o, amou-os; catou-o and catou-os.

In all other situations, the standard forms of the pronouns are used (o, os, a, as) and are not suffixed to the preceding word. In that case, neither -u nor -us are included as they, by contrast, are suffixed to verbs only.

Compounds with con

All personal pronouns may compound with the preposition con (“with”), but the meaning varies with grammatical person. Such first and second person compounds may function as an objective or reflexive form, e.g. comigo (“with me; with myself”), but third person compounds may function only as a reflexive form, e.g. consigo (“with himself/herself”).

Dative-accusative contractions

The third-person oblique pronouns el, ele, ela, eles, elas, and even elo form contractions when they follow the prepositions de (“of, from”) or en (“in”). For example, de el contracts to del and en elas contracts to nelas.

The third-person accusative pronouns o, a, os, as, lo, la, los, and las form contractions when they follow a dative pronoun.

Dative-accusative contractions in Old Galician-Portuguese

Dative pronoun		Accusative 3rd-person pronoun
Pers. / No.	Pronoun	o, lo	os, los	a, la	as, las
1st sg	me, mi	mo	mos	ma	mas
2nd sg	che, chi	cho	chos	cha	chas
	te, ti	to	tos	ta	tas
2nd/3rd sg	lhe, lhi	lho	lhos	lha	lhas
1st pl	nos	nolo	nolos	nola	nolas
2nd sg/pl	vos	volo	volos	vola	volas
3rd pl	lhe, lhi lhes, lhis	lhelo lhilo lho	lhelos lhilos lhos	lhela lhila lha	lhelas lhilas lhas
Hiatic forms
1st sg	me, mi	mi-o	mi-os	mi-a	mi-as
2nd sg	che, chi	chi-o	chi-os	chi-a	chi-as
	te, ti	ti-o	ti-os	ti-a	ti-as
2nd/3rd sg	lhe, lhi	lhi-o	lhi-os	lhi-a	lhi-as
3rd pl	lhe, lhi lhes, lhis

These contracted forms may be added as a suffix to the preceding verb.

Expletive pronouns with accusative contractions

Expletive pronouns with accusative contractions in Old Galician-Portuguese

Expletive pronoun		Accusative 3rd-person pronoun
Pers. / No.	Pronoun	o, lo	os, los	a, la	as, las
1st sg	mi, me	mo	mos	ma	mas
2nd sg	chi, che	cho	chos	cha	chas
	ti, te	to	tos	ta	tas
2nd sg (vossa mercee)	lhe, lhi xi, xe si, se	lho xo	lhos xos	lha xa	lhas xas
3rd sg
3rd pl	lhe, lhi lhes, lhis xi, xe si, se	lhelo lhilo lho xo	lhelos lhilos lhos xos	lhela lhila lha xa	lhelas lhilas lhas xas
1st pl	nos	nolo	nolos	nola	nolas
2nd sg/pl	vos	volo	volos	vola	volas
Hiatic forms
1st sg	mi, me	mi-o	mi-os	mi-a	mi-as
2nd sg	chi, che	chi-o	chi-os	chi-a	chi-as
	ti, te	ti-o	ti-os	ti-a	ti-as
2nd sg (vossa mercee)	lhe, lhi si, se	lhi-o	lhi-os	lhi-a	lhi-as
3rd sg
3rd pl	lhe, lhi lhes, lhis si, se

Usage

Nominative forms

Nominative forms of Old Galician-Portuguese pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. However, because Old Galician-Portugese verb conjugation implies the subject pronoun, these forms are often omitted except in cases where the subject pronoun is given emphasis.

• Subject implied by verb:

  Sõo de Espanha. — “I am from Spain.”

• Subject given for emphasis:

  El de Portugal é, pero eu sõo de Espanha. — “He is from Portugal, but I am from Spain.”

Accusative inflection

The third-person pronouns o, os, a, and as, have variant forms prefixed with l- or n- which appear depending on the ending of the preceding word. The l- forms are used when the preceding word ends in -r or -s. With that, the sentence “o ajudar” can become “ajudá-lo”. The same is applied to “e tu o negas?” which can be replaced by “e tu negá-lo?” analogously. The n- forms are used when the preceding word ends with any nasal sound, that is, the sentence “elas o acusam?” can be “elas acusam-no” as the letter <m> is nasal to that language.

In addition to it, there are two other third-person pronouns -u and -us. They generally are suffixed to verbs whose infinitive forms end with -ar and are in the third-person singular of the present tense. See the following examples: amoou-u, amoo-u, amó-u (from amar); catoou-u, catoo-u, cató-u (from catar); amoou-us, amoo-us, amó-us; catoou-us, catoo-us, cató-us. The pronouns such as o and os can replace them, but only when the verb ends with the ou diphthong as in: amou-o, amou-os; catou-o and catou-os.

In all other situations, the standard forms of the pronouns are used (o, os, a, as) and are not suffixed to the preceding word. In that case, neither -u nor -us are included as they, by contrast, are suffixed to verbs only.

Compounds with con

All personal pronouns may compound with the preposition con (“with”), but the meaning varies with grammatical person. Such first and second person compounds may function as an objective or reflexive form, e.g. comigo (“with me; with myself”), but third person compounds may function only as a reflexive form, e.g. consigo (“with himself/herself”).

Dative-accusative contractions

The third-person oblique pronouns el, ele, ela, eles, elas, and even elo form contractions when they follow the prepositions de (“of, from”) or en (“in”). For example, de el contracts to del and en elas contracts to nelas.

The third-person accusative pronouns o, a, os, as, lo, la, los, and las form contractions when they follow a dative pronoun.

Dative-accusative contractions in Old Galician-Portuguese

Dative pronoun		Accusative 3rd-person pronoun
Pers. / No.	Pronoun	o, lo	os, los	a, la	as, las
1st sg	me, mi	mo	mos	ma	mas
2nd sg	che, chi	cho	chos	cha	chas
	te, ti	to	tos	ta	tas
2nd/3rd sg	lhe, lhi	lho	lhos	lha	lhas
1st pl	nos	nolo	nolos	nola	nolas
2nd sg/pl	vos	volo	volos	vola	volas
3rd pl	lhe, lhi lhes, lhis	lhelo lhilo lho	lhelos lhilos lhos	lhela lhila lha	lhelas lhilas lhas
Non-contractive forms
1st sg	me, mi	mi-o	mi-os	mi-a	mi-as
2nd sg	che, chi	chi-o	chi-os	chi-a	chi-as
	te, ti	ti-o	ti-os	ti-a	ti-as
2nd/3rd sg	lhe, lhi	lhi-o	lhi-os	lhi-a	lhi-as
3rd pl	lhe, lhi lhes, lhis

These contracted forms may be added as a suffix to the preceding verb.

Expletive pronouns with accusative contractions

Expletive pronouns with accusative contractions in Old Galician-Portuguese

Expletive pronoun		Accusative 3rd-person pronoun
Pers. / No.	Pronoun	o, lo	os, los	a, la	as, las
1st sg	mi, me	mo	mos	ma	mas
2nd sg	chi, che	cho	chos	cha	chas
	ti, te	to	tos	ta	tas
2nd sg (vossa mercee)	lhe, lhi xi, xe si, se	lho xo	lhos xos	lha xa	lhas xas
3rd sg
3rd pl	lhe, lhi lhes, lhis xi, xe si, se	lhelo lhilo lho xo	lhelos lhilos lhos xos	lhela lhila lha xa	lhelas lhilas lhas xas
1st pl	nos	nolo	nolos	nola	nolas
2nd sg/pl	vos	volo	volos	vola	volas
Non-contractive forms
1st sg	mi, me	mi-o	mi-os	mi-a	mi-as
2nd sg	chi, che	chi-o	chi-os	chi-a	chi-as
	ti, te	ti-o	ti-os	ti-a	ti-as
2nd sg (vossa mercee)	lhe, lhi si, se	lhi-o *si-o1	lhi-os *si-os1	lhi-a *si-a1	lhi-as *si-as1
3rd sg
3rd pl	lhe, lhi lhes, lhis si, se
1Although these non-contractive forms have not been attested, etymologically and potentially, they could have existed.

Possessive determiners and pronouns

Possessive pronouns and pronouns are a special class of personal pronouns which indicate a relationship of ownership or possession. However, they may serve as either as a pronoun or as an adjective.

Inflection of possessive determiners and pronouns in Old Galician-Portuguese

		possessum
Possessor		possessive determiners				possessive pronouns
Number	Person	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	First	méo méu mou mei	mea mia mĩa ma miá	méos méus mous meis	meas mias mĩas mas miás	méo méu mou mei	mea mia mĩa	méos méus mous meis	meas mias mĩas
	Second	téo téu tou tei	tua ta	téos téus tous teis	tuas tas	téo téu tou tei	tua	téos téus tous teis	tuas
		vosso	vossa	vossos	vossas	vosso	vossa	vossos	vossas
	Third/Second	séo séu sou sei	sua sa	séos séus sous seis	suas sas	séo séu sou	sua	séos séus sous seis	suas
Plural	First	nosso	nossa	nossos	nossas	nosso	nossa	nossos	nossas
	Second	vosso	vossa	vossos	vossas	vosso	vossa	vossos	vossas
	Third	séo séu sou sei	sua sa	séos séus sous seis	suas sas	séo séu sou sei	sua	séos séus sous seis	suas

Inflection of possessive contractions in Old Galician-Portuguese

		Possessive contractions
Possessor
Number	Person	Masculine (el, ele)		Feminine (ela)		Neuter (elo)
Singular	Third	del, dele		dela		delo
Plural		deles		delas		delos

Usage

The choice of gender and number matches the noun possessed, not the gender and number of the possessor.

The possessives may be suffixed to the preceding word.

Demonstratives

The demonstratives are another class of pronoun that have both pronomial and adjectival functions.

Inflection of demonstratives in Old Galician-Portuguese

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter 1
Remoteness	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
"this" (here)	aqueste este	aquestes estes	aquesta esta	aquestas estas	esto isto aquesto aquisto	—
"that" (there)	aquesse esse	aquesses esses	aquessa essa	aquessas essas	esso isso aquesso aquisso	—
"that" (over there)	aquel aquele	aqueles	aquela	aquelas	aquilo	—
1 Old Galician-Portuguese does not have neuter nouns; neuter forms function only as pronouns, never as adjectives.

Contractions

The demonstrative pronouns form contractions when used following the prepositions de (“of, from”) and en (“in”). For example, de este contracts to deste and en aquela contracts to naquela.

The demonstrative pronouns also form contractions when they precede the determiner outro (“other, another”). For example, este outro contracts to estoutro and aquelas outras contracts to aqueloutras.