𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰
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Old Uyghur
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kara (“black”). Cognate with Chuvash хура (hura), Old Turkic 𐰴𐰺𐰀 (kara), Turkish kara, Yakut хара (qara).
Perhaps related to or the donor language of Khitan 黑 (kara, “west”). Colors indicated directions in Old Turkic. Compare Old Uyghur 𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽶 (kérü, “West, behind”) and its ablauted form 𐽵𐾄𐽳𐽾𐽶 (kurï).
For the second sense, compare Old Turkic 𐰴𐰺𐰀 (kara, “poor, miser”)
Adjective
[edit]𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰 or 𐽲𐾄𐽾𐽰 (kara or k(a)ra)
- black, swarthy, dark
- c. 10th century, Maitrisimit Nom Bitig (Maitreyasamitināṭaka Manuscript in Old Uyghur)[1], v22-25 (MaitrGeng1892-95):
- 𐽹𐽰𐾀𐾂𐽶 𐽰𐽸𐽶𐽿 𐽰𐽳𐾁𐽳𐽿𐾀𐽰𐽲𐾄𐽶 𐾀𐽶𐽺𐾁𐽶𐽲𐾁𐽰𐽾 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰 𐽼𐽳𐾁𐽶𐾀 𐾀𐽰𐽷 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐾁𐽰𐽼 𐽷𐽰𐽺𐽷 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽴 𐽲𐾄𐽶𐽸𐽶𐽲𐽶𐽺𐽷𐽰 𐾀𐽰𐽷𐽶 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽴 𐽳𐽺 𐽹𐽰𐽶𐾀𐽾𐽶𐽲𐾄𐽰 𐽰𐽳𐾀𐽾𐽳 𐽷𐽰𐾁𐽹𐽶𐽿 𐽰𐽾𐽳𐽾𐾁𐽰𐽾 𐾉
- Maḍy-adéš uluštakï tïnlïglar, kara bulït teg toylap Gaŋ ögüz kïdïgïŋa tegi, tözün Maytrika utru kelmiš erürler.
- The beings in Madhyadeśa Country, have gathered up to the bank of the Ganges River, [their heads] resembling [a] black cloud, have come to meet the noble Maitreya.
- (sociology) common and vulgar, plebeian
- c. 10th century, Maitrisimit Nom Bitig (Maitreyasamitināṭaka Manuscript in Old Uyghur)[2], v11 (MaitrGeng1701):
- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽺 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰 𐽼𐽳𐽸𐽳𐽺 𐽰𐽶𐽺𐽽𐽰 𐽰𐽶𐽿𐽶𐽸𐾀𐽶𐾁𐽰𐽾
- […] kalïn kara bodun ïnča éšidtiler: […]
- […] [then, in the Kingdom of Dakṣiṇāpatha,] many people of vulgar background heard thus: […]
- (by extension) simple, basic
- (in compounds) west
Derived terms
[edit]- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽼𐽰𐽿𐾅 (karabaš, “slave (lit. 'black-headed')”)
- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽽𐽰𐽺𐽷 (Karačaŋ, “Yunnan (province of China), (lit. 'Western-Xiang)”)
- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽽𐽳 (karaču, “people, population”) (via Mongolic)
- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽷𐽳 (karagu, “blind”)
- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽷𐽳𐽿 (karakuš, “vulture”)
- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽺𐾁𐽶𐽲 (karanlïg, “darkness”)
- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽷𐽳 (karaŋgu, “darkness, dark (of colors)”)
- 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽷 (karartmak, “to blacken, to dim, to make worthless”)
See also
[edit]| 𐽰𐽰𐽵𐾄 (ak), 𐽽𐽰𐽲𐽰𐽺 (čagan), 𐽶𐽳𐽶𐽾𐽳𐽺𐽷 (yürüŋ) | 𐽼𐽳𐽴 (boz) | 𐽲𐾄𐽰𐽾𐽰 (kara) |
| 𐽰𐽰𐾁 (al), 𐽰𐽶𐽺𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽹 (ïŋïrdïm), 𐽵𐾄𐽶𐽴𐽶𐾁 (kïzïl) | 𐽰𐽰𐽾 (ar), 𐽼𐽳𐽴𐽳𐽾𐽲𐾄𐽰 (bozurga), 𐽵𐾄𐽳𐾁𐽰 (kula), 𐽶𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽴 (yagïz) | 𐽻𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽲𐾄 (sarïg), 𐽶𐽰𐽿𐽶𐾁 (yašïl) |
| 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kök), 𐽶𐽰𐽿𐽶𐾁 (yašïl) | ||
| 𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾 (čakïr), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kök) | ||
| 𐽶𐽶𐽼𐽷𐽶𐽺 (yipgin, yépgin) |
References
[edit]- Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “Ḳara”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 167
- Wilkens, Jens (2021) “(1) kara ~ k(a)ra”, in Handworterbuch des Altuigurischen, Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, pages 333-334