𐽰𐽰𐾁

Old Uyghur

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āl (“scarlet”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰞 (al), Tatar ал (al) and Turkish al.

Adjective

𐽰𐽰𐾁 (al /ʾʾl/)

1. red

Compound terms

• 𐽰𐽰𐾁 𐽻𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽵 (al sarïg, “orange”)

Derived terms

• >? 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽰 (ala, “variegated, hazel”)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āl (“device”). Cognate with Karakhanid آل (āl, “trick, subterfuge”), Mamluk-Kipchak ال (al, “deceit”), Ottoman Turkish آل (al, “trick, trap”).

The word originally had a neutral connotation, used for both 'honorable' and 'dishonorable' methods for war (cf. 𐽰𐽰𐾁 𐽽𐽰𐽱𐽶𐽿 (al čeviš, “war tactics, methods used to win wars”)). Later gained negative connotations in all Turkic languages, including Old Uyghur, although some positive connotations survived.

Noun

𐽰𐽰𐾁 (al /ʾʾl/)

1. tool, gadget, device
   1. weapon, arms for war
2. (derogatory) deceit, cheat, dexterity
   1. skill, ableness
   2. cunning, guile
   3. shrewdness, craftiness, trickiness, subtlety
3. method, way
4. (medicine) remedy, cure
5. (religion, Buddhism) Abhupāya (अभ्युपाय), ritualistic engagement

Declension

Declension of 𐽰𐽰𐾁

	singular	definite plural
nominative	𐽰𐽰𐾁 (ʾʾl)	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾 (ʾʾllʾr)
genitive	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (ʾʾlnynk)	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (ʾʾllʾrnynk)
dative	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽷𐽰 (ʾʾlkʾ)	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (ʾʾllʾrkʾ)
accusative	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽲 (ʾʾlyq) 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽺𐽶 (ʾʾlny)	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (ʾʾllʾryq) 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (ʾʾllʾrny)
locative	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽰 (ʾʾltʾ)	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽰 (ʾʾllʾrtʾ)
ablative	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ʾʾltyn)	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ʾʾllʾrtyn)
instrumental	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽺 (ʾʾlyn)	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (ʾʾllʾryn)
equative	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽽𐽰 (ʾʾlcʾ)
directive	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (ʾʾlkʾrw)
similative	𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (ʾʾllʾyw)

Compound terms

• 𐽰𐽰𐾁 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽰𐽵 (al altag, “method”)
• 𐽰𐽰𐾁 𐽽𐽰𐽱𐽶𐽿 (al čeviš, “war tactics, methods used to win wars”)

Derived terms

• 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾁𐽶𐽲 (allïg, “cheater, crafty, smart”)
• >? 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽹𐽶𐽾 (almïr, “enthusiasm, eagerness”)
• 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽻𐽶𐽴 (alsïz, “unequipped, barehanded”)
• 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽰𐽹𐽰𐽷 (altamak, “to cheat, to deceive”)
• >? 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽱𐽶𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (alvïrmak, “to go mad, get confused”)

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *al (“front, prior”) and its inflected form *ald-, seen sporadically in corpus. Cognate with Karakhanid الين (alın, “...in the presence of”) Chagatai الين (alïn, “before, in front of”), Kazakh алда (earlier, before), Tuvan адаанда (adaanda, “under”) and Turkish alt (“under”).

Attested quite rarely in other historic Turkic languages, surviving only in select descendants from Proto-Turkic.

Sense 1 "below" is secondary, superseding the original meaning of "front".

Postposition

𐽰𐽰𐾁 (al /ʾʾl/)

1. under, below
2. (rare) front

Derived terms

• >? 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽰𐽽𐽳 (alaču, “hut, cottage”)
• 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽸𐽶𐽾𐾀𐽶 (aldïrtï, “under, below”)
• 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽸𐽶𐽾𐾀𐽶𐽺 (aldïrtïn, “front, frontward, below”)
• 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽺 (alïn, “front, face, surface”)
• 𐽰𐽰𐾁𐾀𐽶𐽺 (altïn, “under, young; nadir, antizenith”)

Etymology 4

Orthographic aberration of 𐽰𐽳𐾁 (ol /⁠ʾwl⁠/). For the confusion in writing, compare the inflected forms of 𐽰𐽳𐾁 (ol, “he, she, it; 3rd person singular pronoun”); mainly, 𐽰𐽰𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (anïŋ /⁠ʾʾnynk⁠/, “his, her, its (Gen.)”), 𐽰𐽰𐽺𐽶 (aŋï /⁠ʾʾny⁠/, “him, her, it (Acc.)”), 𐽰𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽰 (aŋa /⁠ʾʾnka⁠/, “to him, her, it (Dat.)”), and so on.

Pronoun

𐽰𐽰𐾁 (al /ʾʾl/)

1. Misspelling of 𐽰𐽳𐾁 (ol, “he, she, it; 3rd person singular pronoun”).

See also

Colors in Old Uyghur · 𐽼𐽳𐽸𐽳𐽲 (pwdwq /⁠bodug⁠/), 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽺𐽷 (ʾwynk /⁠öŋ⁠/) (layout · text)

𐽰𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾq /⁠ak⁠/), 𐽽𐽰𐽲𐽰𐽺 (cʾqʾn /⁠čagan⁠/), 𐽲𐽶𐽿𐽲𐽰 (qyšqʾ /⁠kïšga⁠/), 𐽶𐽳𐽾𐽳𐽺𐽷 (ywrwnk /⁠yürüŋ⁠/)	𐽼𐽳𐽴 (pwz /⁠boz⁠/), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /⁠kök⁠/)	𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽰 (qʾrʾ /⁠kara⁠/)
𐽰𐽰𐾁 (ʾʾl /⁠al⁠/), 𐽽𐽳𐽴𐽰 (cwzʾ /⁠čuza⁠/), 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽲𐽶𐾁 (qyzqyl /⁠kïzgïl⁠/), 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽶𐾁 (qyzyl /⁠kïzïl⁠/)	𐽰𐽰𐾁 𐽻𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (ʾʾl sʾryq /⁠al sarïg⁠/), 𐽰𐽰𐽾 (ʾʾr /⁠ar⁠/), 𐽼𐽳𐽴𐽶𐽾𐽲𐽳 (pwzyrqw /⁠bozïrgu⁠/), 𐽶𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽴 (yʾqyz /⁠yagïz⁠/)	𐽻𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (sʾryq /⁠sarïg⁠/), 𐽷𐽾𐽰𐽴𐽰𐽷𐽲 (krʾzʾkq /⁠karaža⁠/)
	𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /⁠kök⁠/), 𐽶𐽰𐽿 (yʾš /⁠yaš⁠/), 𐽶𐽰𐽿𐽶𐾁 (yʾšyl /⁠yašïl⁠/), 𐽴𐽾𐽲𐽳𐽺𐽽 (zrqwnc /⁠zargunč⁠/)
𐽽𐽰𐽽 (cʾc /⁠čač⁠/)	𐽽𐽰𐽷𐽶𐽾 (cʾkyr /⁠čakïr⁠/), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /⁠kök⁠/)	𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽿 (kwykwš /⁠köküš⁠/), 𐽾𐽴𐽰𐽱𐽾𐾀 (rzʾβrt /⁠razavart⁠/)
𐽾𐽴𐽰𐽱𐽾𐾀 (rzʾβrt /⁠razavart⁠/), 𐽶𐽶𐽼𐽷𐽶𐽺 (yypkyn /⁠yipgin⁠/)	𐽶𐽶𐽼𐽷𐽶𐽺 (yypkyn /⁠yipgin⁠/), 𐽶𐽶𐽼𐽳𐽺 (yypwn /⁠yipün⁠/)	𐽽𐽶𐽱𐽻𐽶𐽲 (cyβsyq /⁠čivsig⁠/), 𐽽𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽻𐽶𐽲 (cwyksyq /⁠čögsig⁠/), 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qyzqʾn /⁠kïzgan⁠/), 𐽻𐽰𐽴𐽲𐽰𐽺 (sʾzqʾn /⁠sazgan⁠/)

References

• Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “al”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 10
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “(1) a:l, (2) a:l, (3) al”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 120, 121
• Hamilton, James (2020) “al, ʾʾL”, in Korkut, Ece, Birkan, İsmet, transl., Budacı İyi Kalpli ve Kötü Kalpli Prens Masalının Uygurcası - Prens Kalyāṇaṃkara ve Pāpaṃkara Hikâyesi (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, →ISBN, page 165
• Wilkens, Jens (2021) “(1), (2), (4) al”, in Handworterbuch des Altuigurischen, Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, pages 26, 27