滂沱

Chinese

FWOTD – 8 September 2018

		rushing (water)	tearful; to branch (of river)
simp. and trad. (滂沱)		滂	沱
alternative forms		滂沲 霶𩃱

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): pāngtuó, pángtuó

  (Zhuyin): ㄆㄤ ㄊㄨㄛˊ, ㄆㄤˊ ㄊㄨㄛˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): pong¹ to⁴ / pong⁴ to⁴
• Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): pang⁵ to⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: pāngtuó
    • Zhuyin: ㄆㄤ ㄊㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: pangtuó
    • Wade–Giles: pʻang¹-tʻo²
    • Yale: pāng-twó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pangtwo
    • Palladius: панто (panto)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, common variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: pángtuó
    • Zhuyin: ㄆㄤˊ ㄊㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: pángtuó
    • Wade–Giles: pʻang²-tʻo²
    • Yale: páng-twó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: parngtwo
    • Palladius: панто (panto)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɑŋ³⁵ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: pong¹ to⁴ / pong⁴ to⁴
    • Yale: pōng tòh / pòhng tòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: pong¹ to⁴ / pong⁴ to⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: pong¹ to⁴ / pong⁴ to⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʰɔː²¹/, /pʰɔːŋ²¹ tʰɔː²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: pang⁵ to⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phâng thô
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: phang da

Rime
Character	滂	沱
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	滂 (2)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	普郎切	徒河切
Baxter	phang	da
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pʰɑŋ/	/dɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/pʰɑŋ/	/dɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/pʰɑŋ/	/dɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pʰaŋ/	/da/
Li Rong	/pʰɑŋ/	/dɑ/
Wang Li	/pʰɑŋ/	/dɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/pʰɑŋ/	/dʱɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	pāng	tuó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	pong1	to4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*pʰaːŋ  l'aːl/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	滂	沱
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	2997	12218
Phonetic component	方	它
Rime group	陽	歌
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	滂	駝
Old Chinese	/*pʰaːŋ/	/*l'aːl/

Adjective

滂沱

1. (ideophonic, of rain) pouring; torrential; raining heavily
   • c. 11th century BCE - 7th century BCE, unknown, 詩經:

     月離于畢，俾滂沱矣。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     月离于毕，俾滂沱矣。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Yuè lí yú Bì, bǐ pāngtuó yǐ. [Pinyin]

     The moon also is in the Hyades,
     Which will bring still greater rain.

   • 2015, “《天光》”, performed by C AllStar:

     只是哪又算漏我，到我出醜，猶如大雨在滂沱。 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     只是哪又算漏我，到我出丑，犹如大雨在滂沱。 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     zi² si⁶ naa⁵ jau⁶ syun³ lau⁶ ngo⁵, dou³ ngo⁵ ceot¹ cau², jau⁴ jyu⁴ daai⁶ jyu⁵ zoi⁶ pong¹ to⁴. [Jyutping]

     But how would they forget to count me in; when it is my turn to make a fool of myself, it is like rain pouring down heavily.

2. (ideophonic, of tears) streaming down; in streams; crying profusely
   • c. 11th century BCE - 7th century BCE, unknown, 詩經:

     彼澤之陂，有蒲與荷。有美一人，傷如之何。寤寐無為，涕泗滂沱。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     彼泽之陂，有蒲与荷。有美一人，伤如之何。寤寐无为，涕泗滂沱。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Bǐ zé zhī bēi, yǒu pú yǔ hé. Yǒu měi yī rén, shāng rú zhī hé. Wùmèi wúwéi, tìsì pāngtuó. [Pinyin]

     By the shores of that marsh,
     There are rushes and lotus plants.
     There is the beautiful lady; -
     I am tortured for her, but what avails it?
     Waking or sleeping, I do nothing;
     From my eyes and nose the water streams.

   • c. 4th century BCE - 2nd century C.E., various authors, compiled by 劉向, 楚辭:

     還顧世俗兮，壞敗罔羅。捲佩將逝兮，涕流滂沱。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     还顾世俗兮，坏败罔罗。卷佩将逝兮，涕流滂沱。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Huángù shìsú xī, huàibài wǎng luó. Juǎn pèi jiāng shì xī, tì liú pāngtuó. [Pinyin]

     I turned and looked back at the foolish world, lost in destruction's nets.
     I twisted my girdle, preparing to depart, and my tears fell in streams.

   • c. 4th century BCE - 2nd century C.E., various authors, compiled by 劉向, 楚辭:

     車軏折兮馬虺頹，惷悵立兮涕滂沱。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     车𫐄折兮马虺颓，惷怅立兮涕滂沱。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Chē yuè zhé xī mǎ huǐtuí, chǔn chàng lì xī tì pāngtuó. [Pinyin]

     My chariot-bar broke and my horses sank exhausted;
     Stricken I stood then, my face bathed in tears.

   • Tang dynasty, Han Yu, 《石鼓歌》:

     孔子西行不到秦，掎摭星宿遺羲娥。嗟予好古生苦晚，對此涕淚雙滂沱。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     孔子西行不到秦，掎摭星宿遗羲娥。嗟予好古生苦晚，对此涕泪双滂沱。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     Kǒngzǐ xīxíng bù dào Qín, jǐzhí xīngxiù yí Xī'é. Jiē yú hàogǔ shēng kǔ wǎn, duì cǐ tìlèi shuāng pāngtuó. [Pinyin]

     Confucius journeyed in the west, but not to the Qin Kingdom,
     He chose our planet and our stars but missed the sun and moon;
     I who am fond of antiquity, was born too late,
     And, thinking of these wonderful things, cannot hold back my tears...

   • 1992, “紅日”, 李克勤 (lyrics), 立川俊之 (music), performed by 李克勤:

     在某年　那幼小的我　跌倒過幾多幾多落淚在雨夜滂沱 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     在某年　那幼小的我　跌倒过几多几多落泪在雨夜滂沱 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     zoi⁶ mau⁵ nin⁴, naa⁵ jau³ siu² dik¹ ngo⁵, dit³ dou² gwo³ gei² do¹ gei² do¹ lok⁶ leoi⁶ zoi⁶ jyu⁵ je⁶ pong⁴ to⁴ [Jyutping]

     At that year, that young me had fallen many many times and cried profusely in rainy nights

3. (ideophonic, literary) vast; plentiful; overflowing
4. (ideophonic, literary) rich in variety; sumptuous; lavish
5. (ideophonic, literary, of water) flowing far and wide

Derived terms

• 大雨滂沱 (dàyǔpāngtuó)
• 涕泗滂沱
• 滂沱大雨 (pāngtuódàyǔ)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (滂沱):

• → Japanese: 滂沱(ぼうだ) (bōda)
• → Korean: 방타(滂沱) (bangta)

See also

• 滂沛
• 滂滂
• 瀢沱／𬉋沱 (duìduò)