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敵

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 敌
敵 U+6575, 敵
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6575
← 整
[U+6574] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 敶 →
[U+6576]

Translingual

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Han character

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敵 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜月人大 (YBOK), four-corner 08240, composition ⿰啇攵)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 474, character 48
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13354
  • Dae Jaweon: page 828, character 29
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1475, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6575

Chinese

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trad. 敵
simp. 敌
alternative forms
𢿪
適／适
𠢗
𰒰
𰚇
𢿪
適／适
𠢗
𰒰
𰚇
𰡦
 

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (帝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
膪 *rtaːɡs, *rteːɡs
揥 *tʰeds, *teː
腣 *teː, *teːɡs
諦 *teːɡs
偙 *teːɡs
渧 *teːɡs
帝 *teːɡs
楴 *tʰeːɡs
啼 *deː
蹄 *deː
締 *deː, *deːɡs
崹 *deː
鶙 *deː
禘 *deːɡs
啻 *hljeɡs
嫡 *rteɡ, *teːɡ
摘 *rteːɡ, *tʰeːɡ
謫 *rteːɡ
讁 *rteːɡ
擿 *deɡ
蹢 *deɡ, *teːɡ
適 *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ
啇 *teːɡ
滴 *teːɡ
鏑 *teːɡ
甋 *teːɡ
樀 *teːɡ, *deːɡ
敵 *deːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *deːɡ) : phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs) + semantic 攴 (“to tap; to hit”).

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-taːj (“to retaliate; to grudge”). Cognate with Jingpho tai (tai³¹, “to avenge; to retaliate”) and Mizo tǎi (“to be at enmity with one another (intense); to have a grudge against”), and Burmese တေး (te:, “to grudge, to chalk up a grievance”).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 敵
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 錫 (127)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 徒歷切
Baxter dek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/dek̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/dek̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/dɛk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/dɛjk̚/
Li
Rong 		/dek̚/
Wang
Li 		/diek̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/dʱiek̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敵
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dek ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[d]ˁek/
English oppose; enemy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敵
Reading # 1/1
No. 2340
Phonetic
component 		帝
Rime
group 		錫
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		荻
Old
Chinese 		/*deːɡ/

Definitions

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敵

  1. enemy; foe; rival
    敵我／敌我  ―  díwǒ  ―  the enemy and us
    與民為敵／与民为敌  ―  yǔ mín wéi dí  ―  to treat the people as the enemy
  2. hostile; antagonistic
    敵國／敌国  ―  díguó  ―  enemy state
  3. to resist; to oppose
    敵不住／敌不住  ―  dí bùzhù  ―  cannot resist
    寡不敵眾／寡不敌众  ―  guǎbùdízhòng  ―  to be hopelessly out-numbered
  4. to match; to rival
    匹敵／匹敌  ―  pǐdí  ―  to compare with

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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敵

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: じゃく (jaku)←ぢやく (dyaku, historical)
  • Kan-on: てき (teki, Jōyō)
  • Kun: あだ (ada, 敵)、かたき (kataki, 敵, Jōyō)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
敵
かたき
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
仇

The Heian Kyoto pitch accent of <LLL> indicates that the first two morae of this word are come from 片(かた) (kata, “one of a pair”, pitch accent <LL>).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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敵(かたき) • (kataki) 

  1. an enemy
  2. revenge, vengeance
    親(おや)の敵(かたき)
    oya no kataki
    revenge for one's parent's death
    • 2005 January 10, Izawa, Hiroshi with Yamada, Kotaro, “第(だい)34話(わ)　復(ふく)讐(しゅう)の槍(やり) [Chapter 34: The Lance of Vengeance]”, in ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], volume 9 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 60:
      妹(いもうと)の仇(かたき)だ！何(なん)万(まん)人(にん)だろうが地(じ)獄(ごく)へ送(おく)ってやる‼
      Imōto no kataki da! Nanmannin darō ga jigoku e okutte yaru‼
      This is vengeance for my sister! Keep coming, all of you! I’ll send you all straight to hell‼
  3. opponent (of the game or conflict)
  4. (archaic, obsolete) marriage partner

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
敵
てき
Grade: 6
kan'on
Alternative spelling
的 (rare, dated)

From Middle Chinese 敵 (MC dek). First cited in Japanese to the early 1200s.[2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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敵(てき) • (teki) 

  1. [from early 1200s] an enemy
    敵(てき)は本能寺(ほんのうじ)にあり。
    Teki wa Honnō-ji ni ari.
    The enemy is at Honnō-ji. (attributed to Akechi Mitsuhide)
    • 1999 March 1, “とろける赤(あか)き影(かげ) (torokeru akaki kage) [Melting Red Shadow]”, in BOOSTER 1, Konami:
      体(からだ)を溶(と)かして足(あし)もとの影(かげ)にもぐり、敵(てき)の真(ま)下(した)から攻(こう)撃(げき)する。
      Karada o tokashite ashimoto no kage ni moguri, teki no mashita kara kōgeki suru.
      It strikes its enemies directly from below as its melting body dives in the shadows under their feet.
  2. [from early 1800s] an opponent, a competitor
    敵(てき)を倒(たお)す
    teki o taosu
    defeat an opponent
    • 2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第60話(だいろくじゅうわ) - 少(しょう)女(じょ)の決(けつ)意(い) (dairokujūwa - shōjo no ketsui) [Chapter 60: A Girl’s Resolve]”, in 東京アンダーグラウンド (Tōkyō Andāguraundo) [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, pages 24–25:
      敵(てき)であるオマエを信(しん)じろと言(い)うのか？
      Teki de aru omae o shinjiro to iu no ka?
      You’re my opponent. Why should I believe you?
  3. [1466–???] (historical) the other party in a lawsuit
  4. [from 1678] 的: (historical) in the red-light district, a term of reference used between prostitutes and customers
Compounds
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Pronoun

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敵(てき) • (teki) 

  1. [from 1811] 的: (historical) (by extension from the red-light district usage) term of third-person reference: that guy, that one
    Synonym: やつ (yatsu)
  2. [from 1809] 的: (historical, mildly derogatory) (by extension from the red-light district usage) term of second-person reference: you
    Synonym: お前 (omae)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ “敵・的”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 敵 (MC dek). Recorded as Middle Korean 뎍 (tyek) (Yale: tyek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

敵 (eumhun 원수 적 (wonsu jeok))

  1. hanja form? of 적 (“enemy”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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敵: Hán Nôm readings: địch

  1. chữ Hán form of địch (“enemy”).
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