孤孑

Chinese

		lone; lonely	alone; mosquito larvae; small
trad. (孤孑)		孤	孑
simp. #(孤孑)		孤	孑

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gūjié

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨ ㄐㄧㄝˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gu¹ kit³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gūjié
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ ㄐㄧㄝˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gujié
    • Wade–Giles: ku¹-chieh²
    • Yale: gū-jyé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gujye
    • Palladius: гуцзе (gucze)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gu¹ kit³
    • Yale: gū kit
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu¹ kit⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu¹ kid³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː⁵⁵ kʰiːt̚³/

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• Middle Chinese: ku kjet

Rime
Character	孤	孑
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	薛 (83)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古胡切	居列切
Baxter	ku	kjet
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo/	/kˠiᴇt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo/	/kᵚiɛt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ko/	/kiæt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ/	/kiat̚/
Li Rong	/ko/	/kjɛt̚/
Wang Li	/ku/	/kĭɛt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuo/	/ki̯ɛt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gū	jie
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu1	git3

Adjective

孤孑

1. (literary) lonely; lonesome

   • 婦人一喪夫，終身守孤孑。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     妇人一丧夫，终身守孤孑。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 9th century, 婦人苦 / 妇人苦, Bai Juyi

     Fùrén yī sàng fū, zhōngshēn shǒu gūjié. [Pinyin]

     Once a woman mourns her husband, she stays lonely her entire life.

   • 觀今天下，孤孑憊因莫甚於吾徒者，而又加以與世相違如是，則其末梢之事，將未知如何耳。然若以死生憊因動其平生之志，則焉用學問爲哉？以是自勵己也。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]

     From: 1920, letter by Kim Yeong'ik (金永益)

     Gwan geum cheonha, gohyeol bi in maksim eo o do ja, i u gai yeo se sang wi yeosi, jeuk gi malcho ji sa, jang miji hayeo i. Yeon yak i sasaeng bi in dong gi pyeongsaeng ji ji, jeuk eon yong hakmun wi jae? Isi ja ryeo gi ya. [Sino-Korean]

     Looking at the present world, there are none more lonely and weary than we; and moreover yet, we are so at odds with the world, and we do not know how it will end. But if, due to matters of life and death or weariness, we were to move away from our lifelong cause, what use would we make of our learning? By that, we encourage ourselves.

Synonyms

edit

• 俗 (Hokkien)
• 孤單 / 孤单 (gūdān)
• 孤寂 (gūjì)
• 孤獨 / 孤独 (gūdú)
• 寂寞 (jìmò)
• 寂寥 (jìliáo)
• 挑另 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 索寞 (suǒmò) (literary or Eastern Min)
• 落寞 (luòmò)