周密

Chinese

		encircle; circuit; complete encircle; circuit; complete; lap; week; cycle; all; every; attentive; thoughtful	secret; confidential; close secret; confidential; close; thick; dense
trad. (周密)		周	密
simp. #(周密)		周	密

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhōumì

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄡ ㄇㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zau¹ mat⁶

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chû-me̍t
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chiu-bi̍t

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ziu¹ mêg⁸

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhōumì
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄡ ㄇㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhoumì
    • Wade–Giles: chou¹-mi⁴
    • Yale: jōu-mì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joumih
    • Palladius: чжоуми (čžoumi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ mi⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zau¹ mat⁶
    • Yale: jāu maht
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzau¹ mat⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zeo¹ med⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ mɐt̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chû-me̍t
    • Hakka Romanization System: zu^ˊ med
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zu¹ med⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ met̚⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiu-bi̍t
    • Tâi-lô: tsiu-bi̍t
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciu'bit
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² bit̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siu³³ bit̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² bit̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ bit̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ bit̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ziu¹ mêg⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiu me̍k
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siu³³⁻²³ mek̚⁴/

Note: ziu1 mêg8 - Jieyang.

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• Middle Chinese: tsyuw mit

Rime
Character	周	密
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	質 (49)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	職流切	美畢切
Baxter	tsyuw	mit
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨu/	/mˠiɪt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiu/	/mᵚit̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiəu/	/miet̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuw/	/mjit̚/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiu/	/mjĕt̚/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭəu/	/mĭĕt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ə̯u/	/mi̯ĕt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōu	mì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zau1	mat6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tiw  mri[t]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjɯw  mriɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	周	密
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōu	mì
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyuw ›	‹ mit ›
Old Chinese	/*tiw/	/*mri[t]/
English	cycle; all around	dense
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	周	密
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	17531	591
Phonetic component	周	必
Rime group	幽	質
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	周	密
Old Chinese	/*tjɯw/	/*mriɡ/
Notes	甲金文象田間稼密， 爲稠初文

Adjective

周密

1. thorough; meticulous; careful

   周密的計劃／周密的计划  ―  zhōumì de jìhuà  ―  careful planning

   • 其知慮多當矣，而未周密也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     其知虑多当矣，而未周密也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

     Qí zhīlǜ duō dàng yǐ, ér wèi zhōumì yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. (literary, of dealings) intimate; close

Synonyms

• (thorough):

edit

• 周到 (zhōudào)
• 嚴密／严密 (yánmì)
• 審／审 (shěn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 細密／细密 (xìmì)
• 細緻／细致 (xìzhì)
• 綿密／绵密 (miánmì) (of speech, writing, etc.)
• 縝密／缜密 (zhěnmì)
• 過細／过细 (guòxì)

 

• (intimate):

edit

• 同衾 (tóngqīn) (literary, figuratively)
• 密切 (mìqiè)
• 接近 (jiējìn)
• 火熱／火热 (huǒrè)
• 熱和／热和 (rèhuo) (colloquial)
• 熱火／热火 (rèhuǒ) (colloquial)
• 知心 (zhīxīn)
• 緊密／紧密 (jǐnmì)
• 親切／亲切 (qīnqiè)
• 親善／亲善 (qīnshàn) (of relations between countries)
• 親密／亲密 (qīnmì)
• 親熱／亲热 (qīnrè)
• 親近／亲近 (qīnjìn)
• 貼己／贴己 (tiējǐ)
• 貼身／贴身 (tiēshēn)
• 近 (jìn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 近乎 (jìnhu) (colloquial)
• 過心／过心 (guòxīn) (regional)
• 體己／体己

 

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “thorough”):

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• 不周 (bùzhōu)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (周密):

• → Japanese: 周密(しゅうみつ) (shūmitsu)
• → Korean: 주밀(周密) (jumil)