penal

See also: pénal and penál

English

Alternative forms

• pænal (archaic, hypercorrect)
• pænall (obsolete, hypercorrect)
• penall (obsolete)
• pœnal (archaic)
• pœnall (obsolete)

Etymology

From Old French peinal, from Medieval Latin penalis, from Latin poenalis, from poena (“punishment”), from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “punishment”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpiːnəl/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -iːnəl
• Homophone: penile (one pronunciation)

Adjective

penal (not comparable)

1. Of or relating to punishment.

   penal servitude

2. Subject to punishment; punishable.

   a penal offence

3. Serving as a place of punishment.

   a penal colony

4. Exorbitant.

   a penal rate of interest.

Derived terms

• penal code
• penal colony
• penal law
• penally
• penal notice
• penal officer
• penal populism
• penal rosary
• penal substitution

 

Related terms

• (rare) penality
• penalize
• penalty

 

Translations

of or relating to punishment

• Arabic: جَزَائِيّ (jazāʔiyy), عِقَابِيّ (ʕiqābiyy)
• Belarusian: ка́рны (kárny), штрафны́ (štrafný)
• Bulgarian: наказа́телен (bg) (nakazátelen)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 刑罰的 / 刑罚的 (zh) (xíngfá de), 刑事的 (zh) (xíngshì de)

• Danish: pønal, straffe-
• Esperanto: prizona, puna
• Finnish: rangaistus- (fi)
• French: pénal (fr)
• German: strafrechtlich (de)
• Japanese: 刑罰の (ja) (けいばつの, keibatsu no), 刑事上の (けいじじょうの, keijijō no)
• Korean: 형벌의 (hyeongbeorui)
• Polish: karny (pl)
• Portuguese: penal (pt)
• Russian: кара́тельный (ru) (karátelʹnyj), штрафно́й (ru) (štrafnój), каторжный (ru) (katoržnyj)
• Ukrainian: ка́рний (kárnyj), штрафни́й (štrafnýj), кара́льний (karálʹnyj)

Anagrams

• 'plane, Alpen, Nepal, Palen, Plean, palen, panel, plane, plena

Catalan

Etymology

From pena +‎ -al.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [pəˈnal]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [peˈnal]
• Rhymes: -al

Adjective

penal m or f (masculine and feminine plural penals)

1. penal, criminal

Derived terms

• colònia penal
• penalitzar

Noun

penal m (plural penals)

1. (ball games) penalty

Derived terms

• àrea de penal

Further reading

• “penal” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “penal”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “penal” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “penal” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Galician

palloza (thatched house) in eastern Galicia. Note the penais.

Etymology 1

14th century. From pena (“stone”) +‎ -al.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈnal/

Noun

penal m (plural penais)

1. shorter, lateral wall of a house
   • 1429, M. Lucas Alvarez & M. J. Justo Martín (eds.), Fontes documentais da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Pergameos da serie Bens do Arquivo Histórico Universitario (Anos 1237-1537). Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 307:

     huna estrema de boa parede des lo canto mays de baixo do penal da dita casa […] asta huna crus (+) que asignalamos e fezemos por marqua e deuision enna parede da orta de vos o dito liçençiado e vosos yrmâôs

     [We shall build]] a boundary, made of good wall, from the extreme of the lateral wall of that house […] till a cross (+) that we have signalled and done as mark and division in the wall of the garden that belongs to you, the aforementioned lawyer, and to your brothers

2. supporting wall

   Synonym: parede mestra

3. each one of the slabs which tops a wall to protect it from the rain
4. eaves

   Synonyms: beirado, beiril, sobrepena, sopena, topete

Etymology 2

From Late Latin poenalis (“penal”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈnal/

Adjective

penal m or f (plural penais)

1. penal (of or relating to punishment)

Noun

penal m (plural penais)

1. prison

   Synonyms: cadea, cárcere, trenla

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “penal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “penal”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “penal”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “penal”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “penal”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Ladin

Adjective

penal m (feminine singular penala, masculine plural penai, feminine plural penales)

1. penal

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /peˈnaw/ [peˈnaʊ̯]

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈnal/ [pɨˈnaɫ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈnal/ [pɨˈnaɫ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɨˈna.li/

• Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
• Hyphenation: pe‧nal

Etymology 1

From Latin poenālis. By surface analysis, pena (“punishment”) +‎ -al.

Adjective

penal m or f (plural penais)

1. penal (related to punishment, often in legal context)

Derived terms

• penalmente

Etymology 2

From German Pennal, from Latin pennale, from penna (“feather”). Likely reinforced by Ukrainian and Russian пенал (penal). By surface analysis, pena (“feather”) +‎ -al.

Noun

penal m (plural penais)

1. (Paraná, Santa Catarina) pencil case

   Synonym: estojo

Etymology 3

From pênalti.

Noun

penal m (plural penais)

1. (Brazil, soccer) penalty

   Synonyms: (Portugal) penálti, (Brazil) pênalti

References

• “penal”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2024

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin poenalis or French pénal.

Adjective

penal m or n (feminine singular penală, masculine plural penali, feminine and neuter plural penale)

1. penal

Declension

		singular				plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine		masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative- accusative	indefinite	penal		penală		penali	penale
	definite	penalul		penala		penalii	penalele
genitive- dative	indefinite	penal		penale		penali	penale
	definite	penalului		penalei		penalilor	penalelor

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin poenālis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /peˈnal/ [peˈnal]

• Audio (Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: pe‧nal

Adjective

penal m or f (masculine and feminine plural penales)

1. penal

Noun

penal m (plural penales)

1. a kind of prison
2. (soccer) penalty

Derived terms

• antecedentes penales
• código penal
• colonia penal
• Corte Penal Internacional
• derecho penal
• penalidad
• penalización
• penalizar
• penalmente
• proceso penal

 

Related terms

• pena

 

Further reading

• “penal”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Anagrams

• Nepal, panel, plena

Tagalog

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish penal, from Late Latin poenālis.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /peˈnal/ [pɛˈn̪al]
• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: pe‧nal

Adjective

penál (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜈᜎ᜔)

1. penal

Related terms

• kodigo penal
• pena

 

References

• “penal”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Anagrams

• Nepal