guna

See also: Guna, gúna, günä, and guṇa

English

Etymology

From Sanskrit गुण (guṇá, “quality”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡʊnə/

Noun

guna (countable and uncountable, plural gunas)

1. (Sanskrit linguistics) A lengthening of the simple vowels a, i, u, by prefixing an a element.
2. (countable) In Hindu philosophy, any of the three fundamental operating principles or tendencies of prakṛti (universal nature): sattva, rajas, and tamas.

Anagrams

• ANUG, Aung, Guan, UNGA, guan, guan-

Australian Kriol

Noun

guna

1. feces
2. anus

Verb

guna

1. to defecate

Balinese

Romanization

guna

1. Romanization of ᬕᬸᬡ

Bikol Central

Sarong gunâ kaiba an saiyang mga siyo (A mother hen with her chicks).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡuˈnaʔ/ [ɡuˈn̪aʔ]
• Hyphenation: gu‧na

Noun

gunâ (Basahan spelling ᜄᜓᜈ)

1. (Naga) hen

   Synonym: gunakan

See also

• dumaraga
• lalong
• manok
• siwo
• siyo
• sulog

 

Cebuano

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: gu‧na
• IPA^(key): /ˈɡuna/ [ˈɡu.n̪ɐ]

Noun

guna

1. a type of bolo knife, shorter and smaller than a sundang and with a blunt point, primarily used for weeding, digging and loosening the soil around plants

Verb

guna

1. to weed, dig or loosen the soil using a guna

Chinese

Etymology

From pinyin transcription of the phrase 滾啊 (gǔn a, “go away, go to hell”).

Interjection

guna

1. (Mandarin, Internet slang, humorous, euphemistic) go away; get lost; GTFO

Gamilaraay

Etymology

From Proto-Central New South Wales *gunang, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *kuna.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡuna/

Noun

guna

1. excrement, faeces, shit

References

• Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)
• Peter Austin, A Reference Dictionary of Gamilaraay, northern New South Wales (1993)

German

Interjection

guna

1. (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of gute Nacht.

See also

• gumo

Hausa

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡú.nàː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [ɡʷʊ́.nàː]

Noun

gunā̀ f (plural gunōnī, possessed form gunàr̃)

1. tsamma (a bitter melon, Citrullus lanatus)
2. An epithet for someone who is not as strong as expected.
3. (colloquial) A girl who is physically mature with developed breasts.

Iban

Noun

guna

1. usage

Verb

guna

1. of use, wanted, needed, of benefit.

   ..., mayuh pengawa begunaka pengelandik dalam digital.

   ..., many jobs need digital skillfulness.

References

• Richards, Anthony. An Iban-English Dictionary, Volume 1 Clarendon Press. 1981.
• Nembiak patut nyemelaka pemujur dalam pelajar enggau pengelandik Utusan Borneo. 28 August 2023.

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay guna (“usage”), from Classical Malay guna, from Sanskrit गुण (guṇa, “use”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡuna/
• Rhymes: -na, -a
• Hyphenation: gu‧na

Noun

guna (first-person possessive gunaku, second-person possessive gunamu, third-person possessive gunanya)

1. benefit
2. purpose, function
3. goodness

Alternative forms

• goena (pre-1947)

Synonyms

• (benefit): faedah, manfaat, maslahat
• (function): fungsi
• (goodness): budi baik, kebaikan

Derived terms

• berguna
• berkegunaan
• kegunaan
• ketergunaan
• mempergunakan
• menggunakan
• pengguna
• penggunaan
• seguna
• tergunakan

 

Related terms

• mandraguna

 

Preposition

guna

1. for

Synonyms

• bagi
• untuk

Further reading

• “guna” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Javanese

Romanization

guna

1. Romanization of ꦒꦸꦤ

Lindu

Noun

guna

1. use; purpose

Malay

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡuna/
  • (Johor-Riau) IPA^(key): [ɡunə]
• Rhymes: -a

Etymology 1

From Sanskrit गुण (guṇa, “use”).

Noun

guna (Jawi spelling ݢونا, plural guna-guna, informal 1st possessive gunaku, 2nd possessive gunamu, 3rd possessive gunanya)

1. benefit

   Synonyms: faedah, manfaat

2. function, use

   Synonyms: fungsi, peranan

3. goodness, kindness

   Synonyms: budi baik, kebaikan

Derived terms

• berguna
• gunaan
• kebergunaan
• kegunaan
• kepenggunaan
• mempergunakan
• menggunakan
• pengguna
• penggunaan
• pergunaan
• seguna

 

Descendants

• Indonesian: guna

Preposition

guna (Jawi spelling ݢونا)

1. for

   Synonyms: bagi, untuk

Etymology 2

Clipping of menggunakan.

Verb

guna (Jawi spelling ݢونا)

1. (informal) to use

   Aku guna fon aku ni hanya untuk menelefon mak ayah aku selalunya.

   I usually use my phone here just to call my parents.

Further reading

• “guna” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from English goon.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈɡũ.nɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈɡũ.nɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.na/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.nɐ/

• Hyphenation: gu‧na

Noun

guna m (plural gunas)

1. (Portugal, Porto, colloquial, derogatory) a chav (relating to a youth from a working class background, aggressive with poor education)

   Synonym: (Southern Portugal) mitra

Derived terms

• andar à guna
• gunada

 

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡuna/ [ˈɡu.na]
• Rhymes: -una
• Syllabification: gu‧na

Noun

guna f (plural gunas)

1. (Hinduism) guna

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

-guna (infinitive kuguna)

1. to moan, grunt

Conjugation

Conjugation of -guna
Positive present -naguna Subjunctive -gune Negative -guni Imperative singular guna
Infinitives
Positive kuguna Negative kutoguna
Imperatives
Singular guna Plural guneni
Tensed forms
Habitual huguna Positive past positive subject concord + -liguna Negative past negative subject concord + -kuguna
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naguna) Singular Plural 1st person ninaguna/naguna tunaguna 2nd person unaguna mnaguna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaguna wanaguna other classes positive subject concord + -naguna
Negative present (negative subject concord + -guni) Singular Plural 1st person siguni hatuguni 2nd person huguni hamguni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) haguni hawaguni other classes negative subject concord + -guni
Positive future positive subject concord + -taguna Negative future negative subject concord + -taguna
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -gune) Singular Plural 1st person nigune tugune 2nd person ugune mgune 3rd person m-wa(I/II) agune wagune other classes positive subject concord + -gune
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sigune Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeguna Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeguna Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliguna Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliguna
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aguna) Singular Plural 1st person naguna twaguna 2nd person waguna mwaguna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aguna waguna m-mi(III/IV) waguna yaguna ji-ma(V/VI) laguna yaguna ki-vi(VII/VIII) chaguna vyaguna n(IX/X) yaguna zaguna u(XI) waguna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwaguna pa(XVI) paguna mu(XVIII) mwaguna
Perfect positive subject concord + -meguna "Already" positive subject concord + -meshaguna "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaguna "If/When" positive subject concord + -kiguna "If not" positive subject concord + -sipoguna Consecutive kaguna / positive subject concord + -kaguna Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kagune
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -niguna -tuguna 2nd person -kuguna -waguna/-kuguneni/-waguneni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mguna -waguna m-mi(III/IV) -uguna -iguna ji-ma(V/VI) -liguna -yaguna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiguna -viguna n(IX/X) -iguna -ziguna u(XI) -uguna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuguna pa(XVI) -paguna mu(XVIII) -muguna Reflexive -jiguna
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -guna- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -gunaye -gunao m-mi(III/IV) -gunao -gunayo ji-ma(V/VI) -gunalo -gunayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -gunacho -gunavyo n(IX/X) -gunayo -gunazo u(XI) -gunao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -gunako pa(XVI) -gunapo mu(XVIII) -gunamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -guna) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yeguna -oguna m-mi(III/IV) -oguna -yoguna ji-ma(V/VI) -loguna -yoguna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choguna -vyoguna n(IX/X) -yoguna -zoguna u(XI) -oguna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -koguna pa(XVI) -poguna mu(XVIII) -moguna
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Zazaki

Etymology

From Persian گناه (gonâh).

Noun

guna

1. sin