Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/der-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*derH-^[1]

Root

*der-^[1]^[2]

to split, to separate
to tear, to crack, to shatter

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *der- (23 c, 0 e)

*dér-e-ti (thematic present)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Samogitian: derù (1sg.pres. of dir̃ti (“to skin”))
  - Proto-Slavic: *derǫ (1sg.pres. of *dьràti (“to tear, flay”)) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *teraną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dérō
  - Ancient Greek: δέρω (dérō)
*dér-t ~ *dr-ént (root aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: दर्त् (dárt, 3sg.aor.inj.act.)
*dr̥-néH-ti ~ *dr̥-nH-énti (néH-present?) (or later formation^[2])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥náHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥náHti
    - Sanskrit: दृणाति (dṛṇā́ti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dr̥náHti
    - Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (dər^ənəṇti, 3pl.pres.ind.)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (dar(r)-)
    - Baluchi: درت (dirt, “to tear up”), در (dirr)/ دن (din-)
    - Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)
      
      Northern Kurdish: dirîn (dirīn), dir (dir-)
      
      Southern Kurdish: دڕین (diřīn), دڕ (diř-)
    - Zaza-Gorani:
      Gurani: دڕیای (diřāy, “to tear”), در (dir-)
      
      Zazaki: dirnayen (dirnāyan, “to tear off, cut off”), diřa (dirrā-)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠darrīdan⁠/)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (SDKWNtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlytn')
      - Classical Persian: دریدن (darrīdan)
        Dari: دریدن (darrīdan)
        
        Iranian Persian: دریدن (darrīdan)
        
        Tajik: даррӣдан (darridan)
    - Lurish:
      - Northern Luri: درنییاْ (derniye)
      - Bakhtiari: درنیڌن (derniđen)
      - Southern Luri: درنیڌن (derniđen)
*dr̥-nh₂-é-ti ~ *dr̥-nh₂-é-nti (nh₂-present?) (or later formation^[2])
- Proto-Germanic: *turnaną
  - Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*taurnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aftaurnan), 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌽 (distaurnan))
*de-dór-e ~ *de-dr-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ददार (dadā́ra)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: δέδαρται (dédartai)
*dér-mn̥ ~ *dr̥-mnés (deverbal)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dérmə
  - Ancient Greek: δέρμα (dérma)
*dr̥-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *turþiz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *də́rtis
  - Ancient Greek: δάρσις (dársis)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dŕ̥tiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dŕ̥tiṣ
    - Sanskrit: दृति (dṛ́ti)
*dr̥-nos
- Proto-Celtic: *darnos, *darnā
  - Proto-Brythonic: *darn
    - Middle Breton: darn
    - Cornish: darn
    - Middle Welsh: darn
      - Welsh: darn
  - Gaulish: *darnā
    - → French: darne (“piece, slice of fish”)
- Proto-Germanic: *turnaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *dь̀rnъ (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Albanian: djerr (or variant of bjerr^[3])
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dírāˀtei
  - Lithuanian: dìrti
  - Proto-Slavic: *dьràti (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: drécht (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *trinnaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *trannijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dárdarti (intensive verb)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: दर्दर्षि (dárdarṣi, 2sg.pres.ind.)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬲𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (niždarədaⁱriiāt̰, 3sg.pres.opt.) (+ *niš-)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hyátay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dr̥Hyátay
    - Sanskrit: दीर्यते (dīryáte)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hakas (perhaps)
  - Proto-Iranian: *dr̥Hakah
    - Classical Persian: دره (dirra, “skin; a kind of Islamic punishment which related to sewing skin of the sinful person”) ^[4]

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dar-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dar-
  - Sanskrit: दॄ (dṝ)
Proto-Tocharian: *tsär-^[5]
- Tocharian A: tsär-
- Tocharian B: tsär-

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 119-121
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*der-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2]
^ [3], "دره" (dirra) in Dehkhoda Dictionary.
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “tsär-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

[Kroonen_2013-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 119-121

[3] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “*der-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2]

[4] [3], "دره" (dirra) in Dehkhoda Dictionary.

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “tsär-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN

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