Appendix:Kumzari Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Kumzari, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English | Luri كمزري(Kumzarī) |
Common Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ман | mē |
| 2 | you (singular) | ту | tō |
| 3 | he | ӯ, вай | yē |
| 4 | we | мо | mā |
| 5 | you (plural) | шумо | šmā |
| 6 | they | онҳо | šan |
| 7 | this | ин | yā |
| 8 | that | он | ya |
| 9 | here | инҷо | ēsū, ēwō, ēʕū, ēkša (right here) |
| 10 | there | онҷо | āka, ānsū, āntē, ākša (right there) |
| 11 | who | кӣ | kē |
| 12 | what | чӣ | čē, hall (interj), ō (interj) |
| 13 | where | куҷо | giya |
| 14 | when | кай | kay |
| 15 | how | чихел | čābē |
| 16 | not | на | na |
| 17 | all | ҳама | ammū, jīmī, mičē |
| 18 | many | бисёр | xaykē, xaylē |
| 19 | some | ягон | qadar, qēdar, ḥabbē |
| 20 | few | кам | naktē, wēḥid, ḥabbē |
| 21 | other | дигар | dgur, ān |
| 22 | one | як | yak |
| 23 | two | ду | dō |
| 24 | three | се | sō |
| 25 | four | чор | čār |
| 26 | five | панҷ | panj |
| 27 | big | калон | gap |
| 28 | long | дароз | drāẓ |
| 29 | wide | фарох | paʕn |
| 30 | thick | ғафс | bay |
| 31 | heavy | вазнин, сангин | sangī |
| 32 | small | хурд | čikk |
| 33 | short | кӯтоҳ, паст | kōta, lāṭī (objects) |
| 34 | narrow | танг | qbīb |
| 35 | thin | тунук | bāī, ṭʕīf (people), šēw (people) |
| 36 | woman | зан | ẓan(k) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | мард | mart(k) |
| 38 | man (human being) | инсон, одам | šaxṣ, maxluq |
| 39 | child | кӯдак | rōr |
| 40 | wife | зан | ẓan(k) |
| 41 | husband | шавҳар | šū |
| 42 | mother | модар | mām |
| 43 | father | падар | bap, abū |
| 44 | animal | ҷонвар | |
| 45 | fish | моҳӣ | may |
| 46 | bird | парранда | ṭēr |
| 47 | dog | саг | kalb, saġ |
| 48 | louse | шипиш | rišk, qarʕa |
| 49 | snake | мор | mār, muġlī (venomous) |
| 50 | worm | кирм | kurm |
| 51 | tree | дарахт | šidrit |
| 52 | forest | беша | |
| 53 | stick | чӯб | dār, šāxiṭ |
| 54 | fruit | мева | |
| 55 | seed | тухм | barr, bidrit, ħabb |
| 56 | leaf | барг | warq, pīš (date palm) |
| 57 | root | реша | urq |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | пӯсти дарахт | faqqaš, qisʕan (date palm) |
| 59 | flower | гул | ward |
| 60 | grass | сабза | giya |
| 61 | rope | арғамчин | ban, illē |
| 62 | skin | пӯст | pōṣṭ, jild |
| 63 | meat | гӯшт | gōšt |
| 64 | blood | хун | xwēm |
| 65 | bone | устухон | xār |
| 66 | fat (noun) | чарб | pī |
| 67 | egg | тухм | xāyg |
| 68 | horn | шох | qarn |
| 69 | tail | дум | dūm |
| 70 | feather | пар | par |
| 71 | hair | мӯй | mū, šārat (pubic) |
| 72 | head | сар | muxx, sar |
| 73 | ear | гӯш | gōš |
| 74 | eye | чашм | čum |
| 75 | nose | бинӣ | nuxrit |
| 76 | mouth | даҳон | kāra |
| 77 | tooth | дандон | dnān |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | забон | ẓwān |
| 79 | fingernail | нохун | nixn |
| 80 | foot | пой | pā |
| 81 | leg | линг | pā |
| 82 | knee | зону | rukbit |
| 83 | hand | даст | dist |
| 84 | wing | бол | jnāḥ |
| 85 | belly | шикам | škum |
| 86 | guts | рӯда | māraṣin |
| 87 | neck | гардан | gardan |
| 88 | back | пушт | kāmar |
| 89 | breast | сина | pistan |
| 90 | heart | дил | dil |
| 91 | liver | ҷигар | jōġur |
| 92 | to drink | нӯшидан | txōr, šaraba |
| 93 | to eat | хӯрдан | xōr, txōr |
| 94 | to bite | газидан | xāy |
| 95 | to suck | макидан | |
| 96 | to spit | туф кардан | xūẓik |
| 97 | to vomit | қай кардан | rēš |
| 98 | to blow | пуф кардан | uff |
| 99 | to breathe | нафас кашидан | nasaxa |
| 100 | to laugh | хандидан | xan |
| 101 | to see | дидан | jīr, mēš |
| 102 | to hear | шунидан | šnaft, šnāʕ |
| 103 | to know | донистан | dān |
| 104 | to think | андешидан | fakara |
| 105 | to smell | бӯй кардан | |
| 106 | to fear | тарсидан | turs |
| 107 | to sleep | хобидан | xwaft, xwāʕ |
| 108 | to live | зистан, зиндагӣ кардан | īšū |
| 109 | to die | мурдан | mur |
| 110 | to kill | куштан | kišt |
| 111 | to fight | ҷангидан | kišt |
| 112 | to hunt | шикор кардан | raft qāniṣī |
| 113 | to hit | задан | bẓēn, ōkt |
| 114 | to cut | бурридан | qaṣṣa |
| 115 | to split | шикофтан | falaqa |
| 116 | to stab | корд задан | |
| 117 | to scratch | ханҷол кардан | xārid |
| 118 | to dig | кофтан | kan |
| 119 | to swim | шино кардан | |
| 120 | to fly | паридан | pōr |
| 121 | to walk | гаштан | mēš |
| 122 | to come | омадан | ām, byā |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | дароз кашидан | |
| 124 | to sit | нишастан, шиштан | ništ, ūnī |
| 125 | to stand | истодан | qaym, sayy |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | чархидан | gard |
| 127 | to fall | афтодан | kaft, kōʕ |
| 128 | to give | додан | dār, dōʕ |
| 129 | to hold | гирифтан | wōdur |
| 130 | to squeeze | фишор кардан | |
| 131 | to rub | молидан | kēš |
| 132 | to wash | шустан | čišt, čōr |
| 133 | to wipe | пок кардан | amš |
| 134 | to pull | кашидан | kēš |
| 135 | to push | тела додан | čīk |
| 136 | to throw | партофтан, андохтан | fān |
| 137 | to tie | бастан | ābn |
| 138 | to sew | дӯхтан | dōẓ |
| 139 | to count | шумурдан | šmār |
| 140 | to say | гуфтан | gaft, gōʕ |
| 141 | to sing | сурудан | ġanna |
| 142 | to play | бозӣ кардан | bāẓ |
| 143 | to float | шиновар шудан | |
| 144 | to flow | равон шудан | |
| 145 | to freeze | ях кардан | |
| 146 | to swell | омосидан | |
| 147 | sun | хуршед, офтоб | intaf |
| 148 | moon | моҳ | mētaw |
| 149 | star | ситора | stārg |
| 150 | water | об | āw |
| 151 | rain | борон | bāram, šdūd (showers), šōbub (pouring) |
| 152 | river | рӯд, дарё | |
| 153 | lake | кӯл | |
| 154 | sea | баҳр, дарё | dirya, xwār (calm sea), dašt (open) |
| 155 | salt | намак | xwā |
| 156 | stone | санг | bard |
| 157 | sand | рег | jīrī |
| 158 | dust | чанг | ġbār |
| 159 | earth | замин | ilārḍ, ẓamī |
| 160 | cloud | абр | num, xubb (rain cloud) |
| 161 | fog | туман | ġbēb |
| 162 | sky | осмон | āsmin |
| 163 | wind | бод | kawl |
| 164 | snow | барф | ūrd |
| 165 | ice | ях | falj, salj, talj |
| 166 | smoke | дуд | dixx, dūr |
| 167 | fire | оташ | ātiš |
| 168 | ash | хокистар | |
| 169 | to burn | сӯхтан | ḥaraqa |
| 170 | road | роҳ | tēra |
| 171 | mountain | кӯҳ | aqil, kō, maʕdaf (undersea) |
| 172 | red | сурх | ṣirx |
| 173 | green | сабз | sawẓ |
| 174 | yellow | зард | ẓard |
| 175 | white | сафед | spēr |
| 176 | black | сиёҳ | siya |
| 177 | night | шаб | šaw |
| 178 | day | рӯз | rōẓ |
| 179 | year | сол | sāl |
| 180 | warm | гарм | |
| 181 | cold | хунук, сард | sard, sarma |
| 182 | full | пур | palla, sēr (of food) |
| 183 | new | нав | nō |
| 184 | old | кӯҳна (inanimate), пир (animate) | kaʕnaġ (objects), ōjuẓō (animate) |
| 185 | good | нағз, хуб | jwān |
| 186 | bad | бад, ганда | banj |
| 187 | rotten | пӯсида | ṭafṣ |
| 188 | dirty | чиркин | ritt, illit |
| 189 | straight | рост | ēdil, rāstaġ |
| 190 | round | гирд | gard, lakaša |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | тез | tēẓ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | кунд | |
| 193 | smooth | суфта | |
| 194 | wet | тар | tar, atta |
| 195 | dry | хушк | išk |
| 196 | correct | дуруст | rāstī, ṣaḥḥ |
| 197 | near | наздик | nēẓik, qublū |
| 198 | far | дур | dūr |
| 199 | right | рост | rāstī |
| 200 | left | чап | asrē |
| 201 | at | ба | wā |
| 202 | in | дар | inda |
| 203 | with | бо | wā, ba |
| 204 | and | у | wa |
| 205 | if | агар | ida, ka, wa(na) |
| 206 | because | чунки | ašān, pišt (on account of) |
| 207 | name | ном | nām |