Appendix:Galician pronouns

Personal pronouns

Inflection

			nominative	oblique 1		objective
Person	No	Gender	subject	plain	con + form 2	indirect object	direct object	reflexive
1st	sg		eu	min	comigo	me	me	me
2nd	sg		ti	ti	contigo	che	te	te
3rd	sg	m	el	el, si 4	consigo	lle	o, lo, no 5	se
3rd	sg	f	ela	ela, si 4	consigo	lle	a, la, na 5	se
1st	pl		nós, nosoutros -as 3		connosco	nos	nos	nos
2nd	pl		vós, vosoutros -as		convosco	vos	vos	vos
3rd	pl	m	eles	eles, si 4	consigo	lles	os, los, nos 5	se
3rd	pl	f	elas	elas, si 4	consigo	lles	as, las, nas 5	se
1 Oblique forms are used following most prepositions. 2 All personal pronouns compound with the preposition con, but the meaning varies with grammatical person (see below). 3 The longer alternative forms may be used when there is a possibility of confusion with the contraction nos (“in the”). 4 The pronoun si is the reflexive third-person form in both the singular and plural. 5 The forms prefixed with l- or n- are used only in certain cases for consonantal agreement (see below).

Usage

Nominative forms

Nominative forms of Galician pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. However, because Galician verb conjugation implies the subject pronoun, these forms are often omitted except in cases where the subject pronoun is given emphasis.

• Subject implied by verb:

  Son de España. — “I am from Spain.”

• Subject given for emphasis:

  El é de Portugal, pero eu son de España. — “He is from Portugal, but I am from Spain.”

Accusative inflection

The third-person pronouns o, os, a, and as, have variant forms prefixed with l- or n-. These alternative forms appear depending on the ending of the preceding word. The l- forms are used when the preceding word ends in -r or -s. The n- forms are used when the preceding word ends in a -u or a diphthong. These alternative forms are then suffixed to the preceding word.

In all other situations, the standard forms of the pronouns are used (o, os, a, as) and are not suffixed to the preceding word.

Compounds with con

All personal pronouns may compound with the preposition con (“with”), but the meaning varies with grammatical person. Such first and second person compounds may function as an objective or reflexive form, e.g. comigo (“with me; with myself”), but third person compounds may function only as a reflexive form, e.g. consigo (“with himself/herself”).

Dative-accusative contractions

The third-person oblique pronouns el, ela, eles, and elas form contractions when they follow the prepositions de (“of, from”) or en (“in”). For example, de el contracts to del and en elas contracts to nelas.

The third-person accusative pronouns o, a, os, as, lo, la, los, and las form contractions when they follow a dative pronoun.

Dative pronoun		Accusative 3rd-person pronoun
Pers. / No.	Pronoun	o, lo	os, los	a, la	as, las
1st sg	me	mo	mos	ma	mas
2nd sg	che	cho	chos	cha	chas
3rd sg	lle	llo	llos	lla	llas
1st pl	nos	nolo	nolos	nola	nolas
2nd pl	vos	volo	volos	vola	volas
3rd pl	lles	llelo	llelos	llela	llelas

These contracted forms may be added as a suffix to the preceding verb.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are a special class of personal pronouns which indicate a relationship of ownership or possession. However, they may serve as either as a pronoun or as an adjective.

Inflection

Grammar of the possesor		Grammar of the associated noun
Person	No	m sg	m/c pl	f sg	f pl
1st	sg	meu	meus	miña	miñas
2nd	sg	teu	teus	túa	túas
3rd	sg	seu	seus	súa	súas
Person	No	m sg	m/c pl	f sg	f pl
1st	pl	noso	nosos	nosa	nosas
2nd	pl	voso	vosos	vosa	vosas
3rd	pl	seu	seus	súa	súas

Usage

The choice of gender and number matches the noun possessed, not the gender and number of the possessor.

The possessives may be suffixed to the preceding word.

Demonstratives

The demonstratives are another class of pronoun that have both pronomial and adjectival functions.

Inflection

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter 1
Remoteness	sg	pl	sg	pl	sg	pl
"this" (here)	este	estes	esta	estas	isto	—
"that" (there)	ese	eses	esa	esas	iso	—
"that" (over there)	aquel	aqueles	aquela	aquelas	aquilo	—
1 Galician does not have neuter nouns; neuter forms function only as pronouns, never as adjectives.

Contractions

The demonstrative pronouns form contractions when used following the prepositions de (“of, from”) and en (“in”). For example, de este contracts to deste and en aquela contracts to naquela.

The demonstrative pronouns also form contractions when they precede the determiner outro (“other, another”). For example, este outro contracts to estoutro and aquelas outras contracts to aqueloutras.