牛馬

See also: 牛马

Chinese

		ox; cow; bull	horse; surname
trad. (牛馬)		牛	馬
simp. (牛马)		牛	马

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): niúmǎ

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄇㄚˇ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ню-ма (ni͡u-ma, I-II)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngau⁴ maa⁵
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gû-bé / gû-bée

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: niúmǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄡˊ ㄇㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: nióumǎ
    • Wade–Giles: niu²-ma³
    • Yale: nyóu-mǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nioumaa
    • Palladius: нюма (njuma)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ню-ма (ni͡u-ma, I-II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /niou²⁴ ma⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ngau⁴ maa⁵
    • Yale: ngàuh máh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngau⁴ maa⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngeo⁴ ma⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɐu̯²¹ maː¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gû-bé
    • Tâi-lô: gû-bé
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gu'bea
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɡu²⁴⁻²² be⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ be⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡu²⁴⁻²² be⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡu²³⁻³³ be⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gû-bée
    • Tâi-lô: gû-bée
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡu¹³⁻²² bɛ⁵³/

Noun

牛馬

1. oxen and horses; beasts of burden
2. (figurative) a person who is enslaved and driven by others

   • 直要使中國四萬萬百姓，一個個都貧無立錐之地，然後服服貼貼的做他們的牛馬，做他們奴隸。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     直要使中国四万万百姓，一个个都贫无立锥之地，然后服服贴贴的做他们的牛马，做他们奴隶。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: 《文明小史》第四六回

     Zhí yào shǐ Zhōngguó sì wànwàn bǎixìng, yī gègè dōu pín wú lìzhuīzhīdì, ránhòu fúfútiētiē de zuò tāmen de niúmǎ, zuò tāmen núlì. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 2023 August 23, “中國西安當局七夕節向民眾群發「催生」短信 遭網友奚落”, in BBC News‎^[1]:

     還有網友寫道：「賡續牛馬血脈，共擔韭菜重任。」 [MSC, trad.]
     还有网友写道：「赓续牛马血脉，共担韭菜重任。」 [MSC, simp.]

     Háiyǒu wǎngyǒu xiě dào: “Gēngxù niúmǎ xuèmài, gòng dān jiǔcài zhòngrèn.” [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

References

• “Entry #57801”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
牛	馬
ぎゅう Grade: 2	ば Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 牛馬／牛马 (ngjuw mæ^X, literally “ox + horse”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ぎゅうば [gyúꜜùbà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɡʲɨːba̠]

Noun

牛(ぎゅう)馬(ば) • (gyūba) ^{←ぎうば (giuba)?}

1. oxen and horses, beasts of burden

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
牛	馬
うし Grade: 2	うま Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Compound of 牛 (ushi, “ox”) +‎ 馬 (uma, “horse”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) うしうま [ùshíúmá] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ɕiɯ̟ma̠]

Noun

牛(うし)馬(うま) • (ushiuma) 

1. a small breed of horse, extinct since 1947