增

See also: 増

增 U+589E, 增 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-589E ← 墝 [U+589D] CJK Unified Ideographs 墟 → [U+589F]

Translingual

Japanese	増
Simplified	增
Traditional	增

Han character

增 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 土金田日 (GCWA), four-corner 4816₆, composition ⿰土曾)

Related characters

• 憎

Descendants

• 増

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 238, character 25
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5454
• Dae Jaweon: page 477, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 489, character 6
• Unihan data for U+589E

Chinese

simp. and trad.		增
alternative forms		増 曾 ⿰土⿳丷囚曰 𢴣 ⿰土⿳⺈田曰

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 增
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (曾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
潧	*ʔsrɯn
繒	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ
增	*ʔsɯːŋ, *ʔsɯːŋs
憎	*ʔsɯːŋ
磳	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ
曾	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ
矰	*ʔsɯːŋ
罾	*ʔsɯːŋ
熷	*ʔsɯːŋ
竲	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ
橧	*ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯŋ
譄	*ʔsɯːŋ
蹭	*sʰɯːŋs
層	*zɯːŋ
贈	*zɯːŋs
僧	*sɯːŋ
鬙	*sɯːŋ
甑	*ʔsɯŋs
鄫	*zɯŋ
驓	*zɯŋ
嶒	*zɯŋ
噌	*sʰɯːŋ
鏳	*zrɯːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *ʔsɯːŋs) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ) – things grow in the earth, to build from earth.

Etymology

The Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruction of this word is *s-tˤəŋ, suggesting the word is derived from 登 (OC *tˤəŋ, “to go up”) by *s- prefixing.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zēng (zeng¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄥ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zang¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): dang¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chen

  (Meixian, Guangdong): zên⁴

• Northern Min (KCR): cāing
• Eastern Min (BUC): cĕng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chng / cheng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zêng¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹tsen

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zeng
    • Wade–Giles: tsêng¹
    • Yale: dzēng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzeng
    • Palladius: цзэн (czɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zang¹
    • Yale: jāng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzang¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zeng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: dang¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chen
    • Hakka Romanization System: zen
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zen⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sen⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: zên⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sɛn⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cāing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saiŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cĕng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛiŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chng
    • Tâi-lô: tsng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zngf
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sŋ̍³³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng
    • Tâi-lô: tsing
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zefng
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: zêng¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tseng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡seŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹tsen
    • MiniDict: tsen^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹tsen
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sən⁵³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 增
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡səŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡səŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡səŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/t͡səŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/t͡səŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡səŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡səŋ²¹/
	Xining	/t͡sə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡səŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/t͡sə̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/t͡sɤŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/t͡sən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡sən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/t͡sen⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/t͡sə⁴⁴̃/
	Nanjing	/t͡sən³¹/
	Hefei	/t͡sən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡səŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡səŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡sə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ʈ͡ʂəŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/t͡sən⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡sen³³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡saŋ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʌ̃³¹/
	Tunxi	/t͡sɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sən³³/
	Xiangtan	/t͡sən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sɛn⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sen⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/t͡sen²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sɐŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/t͡siŋ⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡sɛiŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡saiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡seŋ³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/t͡seŋ³³/ /t͡sɔŋ³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: tsong, tsongH

Rime
Character	增	增
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	登 (129)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	作滕切	子鄧切
Baxter	tsong	tsongH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡səŋ/	/t͡səŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡səŋ/	/t͡səŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡səŋ/	/t͡səŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡səŋ/	/t͡səŋH/
Li Rong	/t͡səŋ/	/t͡səŋH/
Wang Li	/t͡səŋ/	/t͡səŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡səŋ/	/t͡səŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zēng	zèng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zang1	zang3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-tˤəŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsɯːŋ/, /*ʔsɯːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	增
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zēng
Middle Chinese	‹ tsong ›
Old Chinese	/*s-tˁəŋ/
English	increase
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	增	增
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	16613	16623
Phonetic component	曾	曾
Rime group	蒸	蒸
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime		增
Old Chinese	/*ʔsɯːŋ/	/*ʔsɯːŋs/

Definitions

增

1. to increase; to expand; to gain; to add
2. a surname: Zeng
3. 13th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "expansion; growth" (𝌒)

Synonyms

• (to increase):

edit

• 加 (jiā)
• 加上 (jiāshàng)
• 加多 (jiāduō)
• 加大 (jiādà)
• 加添 (jiātiān)
• 增加 (zēngjiā)
• 增多 (zēngduō)
• 增添 (zēngtiān)
• 增益 (zēngyì)
• 增長 / 增长 (zēngzhǎng)
• 廣益 / 广益 (guǎngyì) (literary)
• 施
• 添加 (tiānjiā)
• 補 / 补 (bǔ)
• 附益 (fùyì) (literary)

 

Compounds

• 丹增 (Dānzēng)
• 倍增 (bèizēng)
• 增值 (zēngzhí)
• 增修 (zēngxiū)
• 增光 (zēngguāng)
• 增刊
• 增列
• 增刪 / 增删 (zēngshān)
• 增劇 / 增剧
• 增加 (zēngjiā)
• 增印
• 增增減減 / 增增减减
• 增多 (zēngduō)
• 增大 (zēngdà)
• 增幅 (zēngfú)
• 增廣 / 增广 (zēngguǎng)
• 增廣生員 / 增广生员
• 增廣見聞 / 增广见闻
• 增建
• 增強 / 增强 (zēngqiáng)
• 增援 (zēngyuán)
• 增損 / 增损
• 增收
• 增殖 (zēngzhí)
• 增添 (zēngtiān)
• 增減 / 增减 (zēngjiǎn)
• 增生 (zēngshēng)
• 增產 / 增产 (zēngchǎn)
• 增益 (zēngyì)
• 增福財神 / 增福财神
• 增聘
• 增色
• 增補 / 增补 (zēngbǔ)
• 增訂 / 增订 (zēngdìng)
• 增訂版 / 增订版 (zēngdìngbǎn)
• 增設 / 增设 (zēngshè)
• 增資 / 增资 (zēngzī)
• 增輝 / 增辉
• 增辟
• 增進 / 增进 (zēngjìn)
• 增量 (zēngliàng)
• 增長 / 增长 (zēngzhǎng)
• 增長見識 / 增长见识
• 增闢 / 增辟
• 增防
• 增韻 / 增韵
• 增額國代 / 增额国代
• 增高 (zēnggāo)
• 年增率
• 擴增 / 扩增 (kuòzēng)
• 日增月益
• 暴增 (bàozēng)
• 有增無損 / 有增无损
• 有增無減 / 有增无减
• 添增 (tiānzēng)
• 激增 (jīzēng)
• 福履增綏 / 福履增绥
• 累增字
• 與日俱增 / 与日俱增 (yǔrìjùzēng)
• 蒲扇價增 / 蒲扇价增
• 蓬蓽增輝 / 蓬荜增辉
• 踵事增華 / 踵事增华
• 逆增
• 遞增 / 递增 (dìzēng)
• 陡增 (dǒuzēng)
• 馬齒徒增 / 马齿徒增
• 齒德俱增 / 齿德俱增

 

References

• “增”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	増
Kyūjitai	增

Kanji

增

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 増)

1. increase
2. add to
3. augment

Readings

• On (unclassified): ぞう (zō)、そう (sō)
• Kun: ます (masu, 增す)、ふえる (fueru, 增える)、ふやす (fuyasu, 增やす)

Korean

Hanja

增 (eumhun 더할 증 (deohal jeung))

1. hanja form^? of 증 (“increase”)
2. hanja form^? of 증 (“add to”)
3. hanja form^? of 증 (“augment”)

Compounds

• 증가 (增加, jeungga, “increasing (increased amount)”)
• 증감 (增減, jeunggam, “increasing and decreasing”)
• 증량 (增量, jeungnyang, “increasing in quantity”)
• 증설 (增設, jeungseol, “adding installations”)

Vietnamese

Han character

增: Hán Nôm readings: tăng, tâng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.