卒然

Chinese

Etymology 1

		die; soldier; abruptly die; soldier; abruptly; hurriedly	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (卒然)		卒	然
simp. #(卒然)		卒	然
alternative forms		猝然

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): cùrán

  (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˋ ㄖㄢˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: cùrán
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˋ ㄖㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cùrán
    • Wade–Giles: tsʻu⁴-jan²
    • Yale: tsù-rán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuhran
    • Palladius: цужань (cužanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: tshwot nyen

Rime
Character	卒	然
Reading #	2/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	沒 (56)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	倉没切	如延切
Baxter	tshwot	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰuot̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰwət̚/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cu	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cyut3	jin4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*sʰuːd  njen/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	卒	然
Reading #	2/3	1/1
No.	17959	10756
Phonetic component	卒	肰
Rime group	物	元
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	猝	然
Old Chinese	/*sʰuːd/	/*njen/

Adverb

卒然

1. (literary) suddenly; abruptly

   • 卒然問焉而觀其知。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     卒然问焉而观其知。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Cùrán wèn yān ér guān qí zhī. [Pinyin]

     By questioning them suddenly, he tests their knowledge.

   • 卒然問曰：「天下惡乎定？」吾對曰：「定于一。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     卒然问曰：「天下恶乎定？」吾对曰：「定于一。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Cùrán wèn yuē: “Tiānxià wūhū dìng?” Wú duì yuē: “Dìng yú yī.” [Pinyin]

     Abruptly he asked me, "How can the kingdom be settled?" I replied, "It will be settled by being united under one sway."

Etymology 2

		die; soldier; abruptly die; soldier; abruptly; hurriedly	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (卒然)		卒	然
simp. #(卒然)		卒	然

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zúrán

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨˊ ㄖㄢˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zúrán
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄨˊ ㄖㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zúrán
    • Wade–Giles: tsu²-jan²
    • Yale: dzú-rán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzwuran
    • Palladius: цзужань (czužanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su³⁵ ʐän³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: tswit nyen

Rime
Character	卒	然
Reading #	1/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	術 (52)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	子聿切	如延切
Baxter	tswit	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡siuɪt̚/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʷit̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sjuet̚/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡swit̚/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/t͡siuĕt̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭuĕt̚/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡si̯uĕt̚/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ju	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zeot1	jin4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ut  [n]a[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsud  njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	卒	然
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zú	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ tswit ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]ut/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	finish, die	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	卒	然
Reading #	3/3	1/1
No.	17964	10756
Phonetic component	卒	肰
Rime group	物	元
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	卒	然
Old Chinese	/*ʔsud/	/*njen/
Notes	裘錫圭康殷皆雲金文象衣加劃表衣縫製完結

Adverb

卒然

1. (literary) finally; in the end; at last