保障

Chinese

		to defend; to protect; to insure or guarantee to defend; to protect; to insure or guarantee; to maintain; hold or keep; to guard	to block; to hinder; to obstruct
trad. (保障)		保	障
simp. #(保障)		保	障

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): bǎozhàng

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˇ ㄓㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): bou² zoeng³

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pó-chông
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): pó-chiòng / pó-chiong / pó-chiàng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bao² ziang³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bǎozhàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ ㄓㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bǎojhàng
    • Wade–Giles: pao³-chang⁴
    • Yale: bǎu-jàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baojanq
    • Palladius: баочжан (baočžan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: bou² zoeng³
    • Yale: bóu jeung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bou² dzoeng³
    • Guangdong Romanization: bou² zêng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou̯³⁵ t͡sœːŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pó-chông
    • Hakka Romanization System: bo^ˋ zong^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: bo³ zong¹
    • Sinological IPA: /po³¹ t͡soŋ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pó-chiòng
    • Tâi-lô: pó-tsiòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: poycioxng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pó-chiong
    • Tâi-lô: pó-tsiong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: poyciofng
    • IPA (Taipei): /po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /po⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pó-chiàng
    • Tâi-lô: pó-tsiàng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: poyciaxng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /po⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaŋ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bao² ziang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: páu tsiàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pau⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaŋ²¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: pawX tsyang|tsyangH

Rime
Character	保	障	障
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	章 (23)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	陽 (105)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III	III
Fanqie	博抱切	諸良切	之亮切
Baxter	pawX	tsyang	tsyangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɑuX/	/t͡ɕɨɐŋ/	/t͡ɕɨɐŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/pɑuX/	/t͡ɕiɐŋ/	/t͡ɕiɐŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/pɑuX/	/t͡ɕiɑŋ/	/t͡ɕiɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pawX/	/cɨaŋ/	/cɨaŋH/
Li Rong	/pɑuX/	/t͡ɕiaŋ/	/t͡ɕiaŋH/
Wang Li	/pɑuX/	/t͡ɕĭaŋ/	/t͡ɕĭaŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/pɑuX/	/t͡ɕi̯aŋ/	/t͡ɕi̯aŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bǎo	zhāng	zhàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bou2	zoeng1	zoeng3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*puːʔ  kjaŋ|kjaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	保
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bǎo
Middle Chinese	‹ pawX ›
Old Chinese	/*pˁuʔ/
English	protect
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	保	障	障
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
No.	318	16827	16831
Phonetic component	保	章	章
Rime group	幽	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	寶	章	障
Old Chinese	/*puːʔ/	/*kjaŋ/	/*kjaŋs/

Verb

保障

1. to assure; to provide guarantee
2. to defend; to protect

Synonyms

• (to assure):

edit

• 保 (bǎo) (literary, or in compounds)
• 保準／保准 (bǎozhǔn) (colloquial)
• 保穩／保稳 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 保證／保证 (bǎozhèng)
• 保險／保险 (bǎoxiǎn)
• 保領／保领 (Hokkien)
• 包
• 包保 (bāobǎo)
• 包管 (bāoguǎn) (colloquial)
• 包領／包领 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
• 擔保／担保 (dānbǎo)
• 確保／确保 (quèbǎo)
• 管 (guǎn)
• 管保 (guǎnbǎo) (colloquial)
• 管教 (guǎnjiào)

 

• (to protect):

edit

• 保 (bǎo) (literary, or in compounds)
• 保庇 (Hokkien)
• 保護／保护 (bǎohù)
• 堅持／坚持 (jiānchí)
• 掩護／掩护 (yǎnhù)
• 維持／维持 (wéichí)
• 維護／维护 (wéihù)
• 蔽護／蔽护 (bìhù) (literary)
• 護／护 (hù) (literary, or in compounds)

 

Noun

保障

1. guarantee; assurance

   安全保障  ―  ānquán bǎozhàng  ―  security assurance

2. protection; defense

   • 且成，孟氏之保障也，無成，是無孟氏也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     且成，孟氏之保障也，无成，是无孟氏也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Qiě Chéng, Mèng shì zhī bǎozhàng yě, wú Chéng, shì wú Mèng shì yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

• (guarantee): 保證／保证 (bǎozhèng)

Derived terms

• 保質保量／保质保量 (bǎozhìbǎoliàng)
• 保障房 (bǎozhàngfáng)
• 保障權／保障权 (bǎozhàngquán)
• 保障河 (Bǎozhàng Hé)
• 保障湖 (Bǎozhàng Hú)
• 最低生活保障 (zuìdī shēnghuó bǎozhàng)
• 安保 (ānbǎo)
• 社會保障／社会保障 (shèhuì bǎozhàng)

 

Japanese

Kanji in this term
保	障
ほ Grade: 5	しょう Grade: 6
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ほしょー [hòshóó] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ho̞ɕo̞ː]

Noun

保(ほ)障(しょう) • (hoshō) 

1. guarantee
2. warranty

Verb

保(ほ)障(しょう)する • (hoshō suru) suru (stem 保(ほ)障(しょう)し (hoshō shi), past 保(ほ)障(しょう)した (hoshō shita))

1. guarantee, endorse, assure

Conjugation

Conjugation of "保障する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	保障し	ほしょうし	hoshō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	保障し	ほしょうし	hoshō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	保障する	ほしょうする	hoshō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	保障する	ほしょうする	hoshō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	保障すれ	ほしょうすれ	hoshō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	保障せよ¹ 保障しろ²	ほしょうせよ¹ ほしょうしろ²	hoshō seyo¹ hoshō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	保障される	ほしょうされる	hoshō sareru
Causative	保障させる 保障さす	ほしょうさせる ほしょうさす	hoshō saseru hoshō sasu
Potential	保障できる	ほしょうできる	hoshō dekiru
Volitional	保障しよう	ほしょうしよう	hoshō shiyō
Negative	保障しない	ほしょうしない	hoshō shinai
Negative continuative	保障せず	ほしょうせず	hoshō sezu
Formal	保障します	ほしょうします	hoshō shimasu
Perfective	保障した	ほしょうした	hoshō shita
Conjunctive	保障して	ほしょうして	hoshō shite
Hypothetical conditional	保障すれば	ほしょうすれば	hoshō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
保	障

Noun

保障 • (bojang) (hangeul 보장)

1. hanja form^? of 보장