aperio

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *apwerjō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, from”) (whence ab) + *h₂wer- (“to cover, shut”) +‎ *-ye-.^[1] Cognate with Sanskrit अपिवृणोति (apivṛṇoti, “to close, cover”), Oscan veru (“door”, pl.), Ancient Greek ἀείρω (aeírō, “to lift, raise”), Lithuanian atvérti (“to open”), Proto-Slavic *ot(ъ)verti (“to open”), and Old Armenian գեր (ger, “above, hyper-”). Related to operiō (“to cover”).

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /aˈpe.ri.oː/, [äˈpɛrioː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /aˈpe.ri.o/, [äˈpɛːrio]

Verb

aperiō (present infinitive aperīre, perfect active aperuī, supine apertum); fourth conjugation

(literal) to uncover, make or lay bare, reveal, clear
Synonym: adaperiō

Antonyms: vēlō, dissimulō, occultō, indūcō, operiō, obnūbō, occulō, condō, recondō, verrō, obruō, adoperiō, nūbō, tegō, abdō, abscondō, cooperiō, premō, opprimō, mergō
- 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 1.681:
  cum serimus, caelum ventīs aperīte serēnīs
  When we are sowing, you (pl.) clear* the sky with fair winds.
  *(In this quotation, the imperative plural aperīte is invoking the goddesses Terra and Ceres.)
(figurative) to make visible, discover, show, reveal, lay open
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs.13.16:
  Astūtus omnia agit cum cōnsiliō: quī autem fatuus est aperit stultitiam.
  The prudent man doth all things with counsel: but he that is a fool, layeth open his folly.
  (Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.: 1752 CE)
(figurative)
1. to unclose, open, break open
  Synonyms: adaperiō, patefaciō
  
  Antonyms: interclūdō, claudō, inclūdō, arceō, obserō, operiō
  1. (figurative) to open, set up, establish, begin
2. to open an entrance to, render accessible
3. (transferred sense, to mental objects) to disclose something unknown, to unveil, reveal, make known, unfold, prove, demonstrate; (in general) to explain, recount

This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

Conjugation

Conjugation of aperiō (fourth conjugation)

indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	aperiō	aperīs	aperit	aperīmus	aperītis	aperiunt
	imperfect	aperiēbam	aperiēbās	aperiēbat	aperiēbāmus	aperiēbātis	aperiēbant
	future	aperiam	aperiēs	aperiet	aperiēmus	aperiētis	aperient
	perfect	aperuī	aperuistī	aperuit	aperuimus	aperuistis	aperuērunt, aperuēre
	pluperfect	aperueram	aperuerās	aperuerat	aperuerāmus	aperuerātis	aperuerant
	future perfect	aperuerō	aperueris	aperuerit	aperuerimus	aperueritis	aperuerint
passive	present	aperior	aperīris, aperīre	aperītur	aperīmur	aperīminī	aperiuntur
	imperfect	aperiēbar	aperiēbāris, aperiēbāre	aperiēbātur	aperiēbāmur	aperiēbāminī	aperiēbantur
	future	aperiar	aperiēris, aperiēre	aperiētur	aperiēmur	aperiēminī	aperientur
	perfect	apertus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	apertus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	apertus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	aperiam	aperiās	aperiat	aperiāmus	aperiātis	aperiant
imperfect	aperīrem	aperīrēs	aperīret	aperīrēmus	aperīrētis	aperīrent
perfect	aperuerim	aperuerīs	aperuerit	aperuerīmus	aperuerītis	aperuerint
pluperfect	aperuissem	aperuissēs	aperuisset	aperuissēmus	aperuissētis	aperuissent
passive	present	aperiar	aperiāris, aperiāre	aperiātur	aperiāmur	aperiāminī	aperiantur
imperfect	aperīrer	aperīrēris, aperīrēre	aperīrētur	aperīrēmur	aperīrēminī	aperīrentur
perfect	apertus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect	apertus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	aperī	—	—	aperīte	—
active	future	—	aperītō	aperītō	—	aperītōte	aperiuntō
passive	present	—	aperīre	—	—	aperīminī	—
passive	future	—	aperītor	aperītor	—	—	aperiuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		aperīre	aperuisse	apertūrum esse	aperīrī	apertum esse	apertum īrī
participles		aperiēns	—	apertūrus	—	apertus	aperiendus, aperiundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		aperiendī	aperiendō	aperiendum	aperiendō	apertum	apertū

Derived terms

Descendants

Balkan Romance:
- Aromanian: apir, apiru, apiriri
- Megleno-Romanian: apir, apiriri
Dalmatian:
- aprer, apiar, apriar, aprier
Italo-Romance:
- Italian: aprire
- Neapolitan: rapire
- Sicilian: ràpiri
North Italian:
- Emilian: avrir, arvir
- Friulian: avierzi, aviergi (alternative orthography), vierzi, viergi (alternative orthography)
- Ligurian: arvî, aurī
- Romansch: avrir, arver (Sursilvan), earver, duvrir (Sutsilvan), darveir (Surmiran), rivir, drivir (Vallader), earver, avrir (Rumantsch Grischun, Puter), arver (Sursilvan), duvrir (Sutsilvan), darveir (Surmiran), rivir, drivir (Vallader), rivir, avrir (Rumantsch Grischun, Puter), arver (Sursilvan), earver, duvrir (Sutsilvan), darveir (Surmiran), drivir (Vallader)
- >? Venetan: vèrzar, averzir, avèrzer, avèrxer, vèrzer, vèrxer, vèrdher, verdar, verzar, verxar, verzxar
Ibero-Romance:
- Asturian: abrir
- Old Galician-Portuguese: abrir
  - Fala: abril
  - Galician: abrir
  - Portuguese: abrir
- Spanish: abrir
Insular Romance:
- Sardinian: abbèrrere, abèrriri, apèrrere
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *operīre (< aperīre (present active infinitive))
- Northern Gallo-Romance:
  - Franco-Provençal: uvrir, auvrir, œvrir, uedre, urir
  - Old French: ovrir, olvrir, ouvrir, uvrir
    - Middle French: ouvrir
      - French: ouvrir
    - Norman: ouvri
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
  - Aragonese: ubrir, obrir
  - Catalan: obrir, aubrir, aurir, eurir
  - Old Occitan: obrir, ubrir
    - Occitan:
      Gascon: aubrir, aurir, obrir, orbir ⇒ aubreisher
      
      Languedocien: obrir, ubrir
- ⇒ With prepended d-:
  - North Italian:
    - Emilian: dröv, dèrve
    - Ligurian: deubrî
    - Lombard: dervir, devrir, duvrir, derv, derver
    - Piedmontese: deurbe, deurve, durbì, drobì, drumbì ⇒ duerté
    - Romansch: duvrir, darveir, drivir
  - Northern Gallo-Romance:
    - Franco-Provençal: duvrir, druvir, duvertar
    - Lorrain: duvrir, deivar
    - Walloon: drovi
  - Southern Gallo-Romance:
    - Catalan:
      Mallorcan: dobrir, dubrir, durbir
      
      Septentrional: daubrir, dubrir
    - Occitan:
      Occitan: durbir, drubir, dubrir, debrir, derbir
      
      Gascon: daubrir, draubir, daurir, daureisher
      Aranese: daurir
      
      Languedocien: durbir, dubrir, drubir, dobrir, derbir, dreber, dierber, dierbre, duerber
      
      Limousin: deibrir, dreibir, drubir, dubrir
      
      Provençal: drubir, durbir, duerber, derber, dorbir, duerbir
      
      Vivaro-Alpine: durbir, drubir, diuebre, durir

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “aperiō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46