Appendix:Kazakh suffixes
General suffixes
[edit]- Plural
- Negative
- Predicative:
- 1st person singular:
- 2nd person singular informal:
- 2nd person singular formal:
- 1st person plural:
- 2nd person plural informal:
- 2nd person plural formal:
- 3rd person:
- -∅
Nominal suffixes
[edit]Case suffixes
[edit]1. These forms are used after the 3rd person possessive suffix.
Possessive suffixes
[edit]The 2nd and 3rd person plurals may be formed using the regular plural suffix and the possessive suffix.
- 1st person singular:
- 1st person plural:
- 2nd person:
- 2nd person formal:
- 3rd person:
Verbal suffixes
[edit]- Verbal noun:
- -у (-u)
Converbs
[edit]- Perfective:
- Imperfective:
- “After verb”:
- “Until verb”:
- “When verb”:
- “As soon as verb”:
- “Even though verb”:
- “Because of verb”:
- -ғандықтан (-ğandyqtan), -гендіктен (-gendıkten), -қандықтан (-qandyqtan), -кендіктен (-kendıkten)
Participles
[edit]- Past:
- Present:
- Future:
Personal markers
[edit]Most tense forms take normal predicative endings (see #General suffixes). However, present and indirective tenses also require a third person suffix.
Verbal
[edit]Used by past tense and conditional moods.
- 1st person singular:
- -м (-m)
- 2nd person singular informal:
- -ң (-ñ)
- 2nd person singular formal:
- 1st person plural:
- 2nd person plural informal:
- 2nd person plural formal:
Imperative/Optative
[edit]- 1st person singular:
- 2nd person singular informal:
- 2nd person singular formal:
- 1st person plural:
- 2nd person plural informal:
- 2nd person plural formal:
- 3nd person:
- Polite register2:
1. Rude, vulgar
2. These suffixes can be optionally attached to the imperative verb after the personal ending in order to give the connotation of a request rather than an order.
Moods
[edit]The desiderative mood requires a possessive ending (see #Possessive suffixes) and an auxiliary verb келу (kelu) to be placed after it.
- Conditional:
- Desiderative:
- Volitive:
Voices
[edit]The passive voice has "н" instead of "л", if "л" occurs in the last syllable of the root. The causative voice suffix is mostly unpredictable, but if the stem of the verb ends in a vowel sound, then the suffix 'т' is added.
- Passive:
- Reflexive:
- Reciprocial:
- Causative:
Tenses
[edit]- Present:
- Past:
- Indirective:
- Perfect:
- Habitual past:
- Indefinite future:
- Intentional future:
1. This form is used after the negation suffix.
Adjectival suffixes
[edit]1. These forms are used after the 3rd person possessive suffix.
Numeral adjectives
[edit]- Ordinal
- Collective
- Presumptive
Derivational suffixes
[edit]Noun-forming
[edit]- Agent (-er)
- Profession, occupation or inclination (-er)
- Abstract noun (-ness, -hood, -ship, -dom)
- Reciprocal actor (co-)
- Place
- -хана (-xana)
- Dimunitive
- Study of a particular subject (-logy)
- -тану (-tanu)
Verb forming
[edit]Adjective forming
[edit]- Forms adjectives from nouns (-ly)
- Adjectives not containing the noun (-less)
- Temporal adjectives
- Adjectives, expressing similarity
Adverb forming
[edit]- Forms adverbs
1. These forms are used after the 3rd person possessive suffix.