-ut

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ut"

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ūtus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈut]

Suffix

-ut (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -uta, masculine plural -uts, feminine plural -utes)

1. forms the past participle of most second-conjugation verbs
2. forms adjectives from nouns that indicate an abundance

Derived terms

Catalan terms suffixed with -ut

Further reading

• “-ut”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “-ut” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ut.

Suffix

-ut (front vowel harmony variant -yt, linguistic notation -Ut)

1. (chiefly poetic) Forms diminutive nouns.
2. (usually poetic or literary) Forms some adjectives.

Usage notes

No longer productive. May include a preceding -h- when inserted after a vowel, which could be by analogy with the weak stem of -as.

Declension

Inflection of -ut (Kotus type 43/ohut, no gradation)
nominative		-ut	-uet
genitive		-uen	-uiden -uitten
partitive		-utta	-uita
illative		-ueen	-uisiin -uihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-ut	-uet
accusative	nom.	-ut	-uet
	gen.	-uen
genitive		-uen	-uiden -uitten
partitive		-utta	-uita
inessive		-uessa	-uissa
elative		-uesta	-uista
illative		-ueen	-uisiin -uihin
adessive		-uella	-uilla
ablative		-uelta	-uilta
allative		-uelle	-uille
essive		-uena	-uina
translative		-ueksi	-uiksi
abessive		-uetta	-uitta
instructive		—	-uin
comitative		—	-uine

Possessive forms of -ut (Kotus type 43/ohut, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ueni -ueni accusative nom. -ueni -ueni gen. -ueni genitive -ueni -uideni -uitteni partitive -uttani -uitani inessive -uessani -uissani elative -uestani -uistani illative -ueeni -uisiini -uihini adessive -uellani -uillani ablative -ueltani -uiltani allative -uelleni -uilleni essive -uenani -uinani translative -uekseni -uikseni abessive -uettani -uittani instructive — — comitative — -uineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -uesi -uesi accusative nom. -uesi -uesi gen. -uesi genitive -uesi -uidesi -uittesi partitive -uttasi -uitasi inessive -uessasi -uissasi elative -uestasi -uistasi illative -ueesi -uisiisi -uihisi adessive -uellasi -uillasi ablative -ueltasi -uiltasi allative -uellesi -uillesi essive -uenasi -uinasi translative -ueksesi -uiksesi abessive -uettasi -uittasi instructive — — comitative — -uinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -uemme -uemme accusative nom. -uemme -uemme gen. -uemme genitive -uemme -uidemme -uittemme partitive -uttamme -uitamme inessive -uessamme -uissamme elative -uestamme -uistamme illative -ueemme -uisiimme -uihimme adessive -uellamme -uillamme ablative -ueltamme -uiltamme allative -uellemme -uillemme essive -uenamme -uinamme translative -ueksemme -uiksemme abessive -uettamme -uittamme instructive — — comitative — -uinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -uenne -uenne accusative nom. -uenne -uenne gen. -uenne genitive -uenne -uidenne -uittenne partitive -uttanne -uitanne inessive -uessanne -uissanne elative -uestanne -uistanne illative -ueenne -uisiinne -uihinne adessive -uellanne -uillanne ablative -ueltanne -uiltanne allative -uellenne -uillenne essive -uenanne -uinanne translative -ueksenne -uiksenne abessive -uettanne -uittanne instructive — — comitative — -uinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -uensa -uensa accusative nom. -uensa -uensa gen. -uensa genitive -uensa -uidensa -uittensa partitive -uttaan -uttansa -uitaan -uitansa inessive -uessaan -uessansa -uissaan -uissansa elative -uestaan -uestansa -uistaan -uistansa illative -ueensa -uisiinsa -uihinsa adessive -uellaan -uellansa -uillaan -uillansa ablative -ueltaan -ueltansa -uiltaan -uiltansa allative -uelleen -uellensa -uilleen -uillensa essive -uenaan -uenansa -uinaan -uinansa translative -uekseen -ueksensa -uikseen -uiksensa abessive -uettaan -uettansa -uittaan -uittansa instructive — — comitative — -uineen -uinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ut (nominal)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ut (front vowel harmony variant -yt, linguistic notation -Ut)

1. Alternative form of -nut

Usage notes

• Used for the following conjugation classes:

• rohkaista (66)
• tulla (67)
• juosta (70)
• (irregular) olla; seistä

Declension

Inflection of -ut (Kotus type 47/kuollut, no gradation)
nominative		-ut	-eet
genitive		-een	-eiden -eitten
partitive		-utta	-eita
illative		-eeseen	-eisiin -eihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-ut	-eet
accusative	nom.	-ut	-eet
	gen.	-een
genitive		-een	-eiden -eitten
partitive		-utta	-eita
inessive		-eessa	-eissa
elative		-eesta	-eista
illative		-eeseen	-eisiin -eihin
adessive		-eella	-eilla
ablative		-eelta	-eilta
allative		-eelle	-eille
essive		-eena	-eina
translative		-eeksi	-eiksi
abessive		-eetta	-eitta
instructive		—	-ein
comitative		—	-eine

Possessive forms of -ut (Kotus type 47/kuollut, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -eeni -eeni accusative nom. -eeni -eeni gen. -eeni genitive -eeni -eideni -eitteni partitive -uttani -eitani inessive -eessani -eissani elative -eestani -eistani illative -eeseeni -eisiini -eihini adessive -eellani -eillani ablative -eeltani -eiltani allative -eelleni -eilleni essive -eenani -einani translative -eekseni -eikseni abessive -eettani -eittani instructive — — comitative — -eineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -eesi -eesi accusative nom. -eesi -eesi gen. -eesi genitive -eesi -eidesi -eittesi partitive -uttasi -eitasi inessive -eessasi -eissasi elative -eestasi -eistasi illative -eeseesi -eisiisi -eihisi adessive -eellasi -eillasi ablative -eeltasi -eiltasi allative -eellesi -eillesi essive -eenasi -einasi translative -eeksesi -eiksesi abessive -eettasi -eittasi instructive — — comitative — -einesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -eemme -eemme accusative nom. -eemme -eemme gen. -eemme genitive -eemme -eidemme -eittemme partitive -uttamme -eitamme inessive -eessamme -eissamme elative -eestamme -eistamme illative -eeseemme -eisiimme -eihimme adessive -eellamme -eillamme ablative -eeltamme -eiltamme allative -eellemme -eillemme essive -eenamme -einamme translative -eeksemme -eiksemme abessive -eettamme -eittamme instructive — — comitative — -einemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -eenne -eenne accusative nom. -eenne -eenne gen. -eenne genitive -eenne -eidenne -eittenne partitive -uttanne -eitanne inessive -eessanne -eissanne elative -eestanne -eistanne illative -eeseenne -eisiinne -eihinne adessive -eellanne -eillanne ablative -eeltanne -eiltanne allative -eellenne -eillenne essive -eenanne -einanne translative -eeksenne -eiksenne abessive -eettanne -eittanne instructive — — comitative — -einenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -eensa -eensa accusative nom. -eensa -eensa gen. -eensa genitive -eensa -eidensa -eittensa partitive -uttaan -uttansa -eitaan -eitansa inessive -eessaan -eessansa -eissaan -eissansa elative -eestaan -eestansa -eistaan -eistansa illative -eeseensa -eisiinsa -eihinsa adessive -eellaan -eellansa -eillaan -eillansa ablative -eeltaan -eeltansa -eiltaan -eiltansa allative -eelleen -eellensa -eilleen -eillensa essive -eenaan -eenansa -einaan -einansa translative -eekseen -eeksensa -eikseen -eiksensa abessive -eettaan -eettansa -eittaan -eittansa instructive — — comitative — -eineen -einensa

Anagrams

• -tu

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ut. Cognates include Finnish -ut and Karelian -ut.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-ut/, [-ud]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-ut/, [-ud̥]

Suffix

-ut (front vowel variant -yt)

1. Used to form diminutive nouns.

Declension

Declension of -ut (type 7/kevät, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-ut	-uet
genitive	-uen	-uein
partitive	-utta	-ueita
illative	-uesse	-ueisse
inessive	-uees	-ueis
elative	-uest	-ueist
allative	-uelle	-ueille
adessive	-ueel	-ueil
ablative	-uelt	-ueilt
translative	-ueks	-ueiks
essive	-uenna, -ueen	-ueinna, -uein
exessive1)	-uent	-ueint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -ut

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-ut/, [-ud]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-ut/, [-ud̥]

Suffix

-ut

1. second-person singular indicative present of -ua

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-ut/, [-ud]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-ut/, [-ud̥]

Suffix

-ut

1. nominative plural of -u

Northern Sami

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ut

1. Forms verbs from adjectives, meaning "to become, to become more".
2. Forms verbs from adjectives, meaning "to act -ish, -ly", or from nouns, meaning "to act with, to act like".

Usage notes

• This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Inflection

Even u-stem, no gradation
infinitive	-ut
1st sing. present	-un
1st sing. past	-on
infinitive	-ut	action noun	-un
present participle	-u	action inessive	-umin -ume
past participle	-on	action elative	-umis
agent participle	—	action comitative	-umiin
		abessive	-ọkeahttá
	present indicative	past indicative	imperative
1st singular	-un	-on	-on
2nd singular	-ut	-ot	-ọ
3rd singular	-u	-ūi	-os
1st dual	-o	-ūime	-u
2nd dual	-ubeahtti	-ūide	-u
3rd dual	-uba	-ūiga	-oska
1st plural	-ut	-ūimet	-ot -ut
2nd plural	-ubēhtet	-ūidet	-ot -ut
3rd plural	-ot	-o	-oset
connegative	-ọ	-on	-ọ
	conditional 1	conditional 2	potential
1st singular	-ošin -ošedjen	-olin -oledjen	-ožan
2nd singular	-ošit -ošedjet	-olit -oledjet	-ožat
3rd singular	-ošii	-olii	-oža -oš
1st dual	-ošeimme	-oleimme	-ožetne
2nd dual	-ošeidde	-oleidde	-ožeahppi
3rd dual	-ošeigga	-oleigga	-ožeaba
1st plural	-ošeimmet	-oleimmet	-ožit -ožat
2nd plural	-ošeiddet	-oleiddet	-ožēhpet
3rd plural	-oše -ošedje	-ole -oledje	-ožit
connegative	-oše	-ole	-oš

Derived terms

Northern Sami terms suffixed with -ut

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• -et (introduced as bracket form in the 1938 spelling reform, given equal status in 1959, and made non-standard in 2012)
• -ete (introduced with the 1959 spelling reform, became sole standard form in 2012)

Etymology

From Old Norse -óttr. This was the form used by Aasen.

Suffix

-ut

1. forms adjectives from nouns ((pre-2012) alternative form of -ete)

   ‎båre + ‎-ut → ‎bårut

   • 1863, Ivar Aasen, Nordmannen (3rd verse)

     Han saag ut paa det baarutte Havet; der var ruskutt aa leggja ut paa.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Derived terms

Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ut

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ut/

Suffix

-ut (suffixed pronoun)

1. you (accusative singular), thee

Derived terms

Category Old Irish terms suffixed with -ut not found

See also

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person	Infixed			Suffixed
	Class A	Class B	Class C
1 sing.	m-L	dom-L, dam-L		-um
2 sing.	t-L	dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L		-ut
3 sing. m.	a-N, e-N	d-N	id-N, did-N, d-N	-i, -it
3 sing. f.	s-(N)	da-		-us
3 sing. n.	a-L, e-L	d-L	id-L, did-L, d-L	-i, -it
1 pl.	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl.	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl.	s-(N)	da-		-us
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Romanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ūtus.

Suffix

-ut

1. Used with a stem to mark the past participle of second-conjugation verbs and regular third-conjugation verbs.

   ‎pierde (“lose”) + ‎-ut → ‎pierdut (“lost”)

Further reading

• Appendix:Romanian verb conjugation#Conjugation types: "some type 3 verbs have past participles ending in -ut"
• Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin, Ion Giurgea (eds.), A Reference Grammar of Romanian. Volume 1: The noun phrase, [Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today 207], 2013, p. 665:

  "The supine suffix is identical to the suffix of the (passive) participle. [...] -ut (ține/ținut 'keep/keeping') [...]"

• Ramona Gönczöl, Romanian: An Essential Grammar, 2nd edition 2021 (1st ed. 2007), p. 105:

  "Conjugation 9 [...] Verbs in this conjugation have past participles that end in -ut [...]"