ᄒᆞ다

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Jeju

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Etymology

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Of native Jeju origin, from Middle Korean ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá), from Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-). Cognate with Korean 하다 (hada).

Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?hawda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?hawda
Yale Romanization?hota

Verb

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ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) (infinitive 헨 or 헹 or ᄒᆞ연 or ᄒᆞ영, sequential ᄒᆞ난)

  1. (transitive) to do; used to vaguely refer to almost any action.
    오널 무신거 헨? — ᄉᆞ답 ᄒᆞ엿어마씸. ― Oneol musin'geo hen? - Sawdap hawyeoseo-massim. ― What did you do today? — I did the laundry.
    느가 헤사주게! ― Neu-ga hesa-ju-ge! ― You should do it!
    ᄋᆞ, 나 막 잘 ᄒᆞ여졋다. ― Aw, na mak jal hawyeojeotda. ― Yes, I could do it very well.
    • 2017, 양창용 [yangchang'yong, Yang Changyong], 윌리암 오그레디 [william ogeuredi, William O'Grady], 양세종 [yangsejong, Yang Sejung], 제주어 1 [jejueo 1, Jeju 1], 퍼플 [peopeul], →ISBN, page 61:
      공찰락 ᄒᆞ여지는야? — 아니게, 나 못 ᄒᆞ여.
      Gongchallak hawyeojineunya? - Ani-ge, na mot hawyeo.
      Are you able to play gongchallak? — No, I can't play it.
  2. to say, tell:
    하르방이 나ᄀᆞ라 "바당이 ᄒᆞᆫ디 글라" 헨게.
    Hareubang-i na-gawra badang-i hawndi geulla hen'ge.
    Grandpa told me, "Let's go to the beach together."
    • 2015 December, ^고동호 [Godongho], ^송상조 [Songsangjo], ^오창명 [Ochangmyeong], ^문순덕 [Munsundeok], ^오승훈 [Oseunghun], “제4장 문장: 2. 문장의 확대 [je4jang munjang: 2. munjang'ui hwakdae]”, in 제줏말의 이해 [jejunmarui ihae, Understanding Jeju] (overall work in Korean), 제주특별자치도 [jejuteukbyeoljachido]: 제주발전연구원 제주학연구센터 [jejubaljeonyeon'guwon jejuhagyeon'gusenteo], 2.2.5 인용절을 안은 문장: ① 직접 인용 [2.2.5 inyongjeoreul aneun munjang: ① jikjeop inyong], page 153:
      아바지가 “아이고, ᄇᆞ름 하영 불어ᇝ고나!” ᄒᆞ여고.
      Abaji-ga “aigo, bawreum hayeong bureomgona!” Hawyeogo.
      Father said, "Oh my, the wind is very strong!"
    1. (after an indirect quotation) to say (that); to ask; to tell
      Synonym: ᄀᆞᆮ다 (gawtda)
      아시가 하르방 닐 서월이 간덴 ᄒᆞᆸ디다. ― Asi-ga hareubang nil seowor-i ganden hawpdida. ― My younger brother said that grandpa is going to Seoul tomorrow.
      어멍 집이 오렌 헤고. ― Eomeong jib-i oren hego. ― Mom said to come home.
      느네 성이 미나 ᄀᆞ세 ᄎᆞᆽ아봐렌 ᄒᆞ연게마씸. ― Neu-ne seong-i mina gawse chawjabwaren hawyeon'ge-massim. ― Your older brother said that he saw Mina looking for the scissors.
      벗이 어디서 유 ᄋᆢᄃᆞᆸ 뒈 ᄋᆞᆽ안 와ᇝ수겐 ᄒᆞ엿수다예. ― Beos-i eodi-seo yu yawdawp dwe awjan wamsugen hawyeotsuda-ye. ― My friend asked where you're coming from carrying eight dwe of perilla seeds.
      고모신디 ᄎᆞᆯ레 멩글아ᇝ입셍 ᄒᆞ라. ― Gomo-sindi chawlle menggeuramsipseng hawra. ― Tell (your) aunt to start making side dishes.
      물꾸럭 ᄀᆞ찌 먹우겐 헷저. ― Mulkkureok gawjji meogugen hetjeo. ― I suggested that we eat octopus together.
      • 2015 December, ^고동호 [Godongho], ^송상조 [Songsangjo], ^오창명 [Ochangmyeong], ^문순덕 [Munsundeok], ^오승훈 [Oseunghun], “제4장 문장: 2. 문장의 확대 [je4jang munjang: 2. munjang'ui hwakdae]”, in 제줏말의 이해 [jejunmarui ihae, Understanding Jeju] (overall work in Korean), 제주특별자치도 [jejuteukbyeoljachido]: 제주발전연구원 제주학연구센터 [jejubaljeonyeon'guwon jejuhagyeon'gusenteo], 2.2.5 인용절을 안은 문장: ② 간접 인용 [2.2.5 inyongjeoreul aneun munjang: ② ganjeop inyong], pages 156-157:
        우리 아시가 나안티 이제랑 ᄒᆞᄊᆞᆯ 쉽센 ᄒᆞ여라. [⋯] 삼춘이 나신디 제주도 마농은 멥넨 ᄒᆞᆸ디다.
        My younger sibling told me to rest a bit now. […] My uncle told me that Jeju garlic is spicy.
      • 2017 March 31, 만우절(萬愚節) [manujeol], “거짓말 [geojinmal, Lies]”, in 제주어보전회 양전형의 제주어로 읽는 세상사 31 [jejueobojeonhoe - yangjeonhyeong'ui jejueoro ingneun sesangsa 31, Jeju Preservation Society]‎[1]:
        ᄉᆞ랑ᄒᆞᆫ덴 ᄒᆞᆫ 그말도 그짓갈, 돌아오켄 ᄒᆞᆫ 그말도 그짓갈, 시상에 잇인 기짓말 ᄆᆞᆫ딱 ᄒᆞ여놓고.
        Sawranghawnden hawn geumal-do geujitgal, doraoken hawn geumal-do geujitgal, sisang-e isin gijinmal mawnttak hawyeonoko.
        The "I love you" a lie, the "I will come back" too a lie, you told every lie in the world.
      • 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 244:
        만수만 쉐 질루노렌 헤라.
        Mansu-man swe jillunoren hera.
        Mansu said that only he raises cows.
    2. (transitive) to call, name
      그거 ᄎᆞ마귀옌 ᄒᆞ는디. ― Geugeo chawmagwi-yen hawneundi. ― That's called chawmagyi.
    3. (after an ideophone or onomatopoeia) to go; to act according to the ideophone; to make the sound of the onomatopoeia
      가이 손꼬락이 와직와직ᄒᆞ덴. ― Gai sonkkorag-i wajigwajik-hawden. ― He said his fingers feel "prickly".
      강생이가 앙앙 ᄒᆞ엿다. ― Gangsaeng'i-ga ang'ang hawyeotda. ― The puppy said "arf".
      • 2012 September 25, 김창집 [gimchangjip], “의성어와 의태어(2) [uiseong'eowa uitaeeo(2)]”, in 김창집의 오름 이야기 [gimchangjibui oreum iyagi]‎[2]:
        이디 모영 앙앙작작ᄒᆞ지 말앙 ᄒᆞᆫ저 집이덜 가라.
        Idi moyeong ang'angjakjak-hawji marang hawnjeo jib-i-deol gara.
        Don't gather here and be rambunctious, go home quickly.
      • 2017, 양창용 [yangchang'yong, Yang Changyong], 윌리암 오그레디 [william ogeuredi, William O'Grady], 양세종 [yangsejong, Yang Sejung], 제주어 1 [jejueo 1, Jeju 1], 퍼플 [peopeul], →ISBN, page 25:
        꽝이 복삭ᄒᆞ다.
        Kkwang-'i boksak-hawda.
        My bones feel like they're about to "crumble".
      • 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 115:
        막 ᄂᆞᆯ싹ᄒᆞᆫ게.
        Mak nawlssak-hawnge.
        (I) am very tired.
  3. Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as active verbs. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun functions as a direct object of the verb, being able to take particles such as the accusative case marker 을 or the topic marker 은.
    ‎공븨 (gongbui, “study”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎공븨ᄒᆞ다 (gongbuihawda, “to study”)
    ‎부름씨 (bureumssi, “errands”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎부름씨ᄒᆞ다 (bureumssihawda, “to do errands”)
    ‎이왁 (iwak, “conversation, story”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎이왁ᄒᆞ다 (iwakhawda, “to have a conversation, tell a story”)
    ‎전놔 (jeonnwa, “phone, call”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎전놔ᄒᆞ다 (jeonnwahawda, “to call”)
  4. Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as adjectives. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun can be separated by the topic marker 은.
    ‎곱닥 (gopdak) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎곱닥ᄒᆞ다 (gopdakhawda, “to be pretty”)
    ‎노고록 (nogorok) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎노고록ᄒᆞ다 (nogorokhawda, “to be satisfied, relaxed, composed”)
    ‎퍼렁 (peoreong) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎퍼렁ᄒᆞ다 (peoreonghawda, “to be deep blue”)
    곱닥은 ᄒᆞᆫ디 착ᄒᆞ진 아니ᄒᆞ우다.
    Gopdag-eun hawndi chakhawjin anihawuda.
    She's pretty, but she's not nice.
  5. After certain roots, fully suffixed to form an inseparable verb or adjective.
    ‎망(亡) (mang, “ruin, destruction”) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎망(亡)ᄒᆞ다 (manghawda, “to be brought to ruin”)
    ‎ᄉᆞᆨᄉᆞᆷ (sawksawm) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎ᄉᆞᆨᄉᆞᆷᄒᆞ다 (sawksawmhawda, “to keep one's mouth shut”)
    ‎착 (chak, of unknown etymology; from Manchu ᠴᠠᡴ (cak)?) + ‎ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ‎착ᄒᆞ다 (chakhawda, “to be nice”)
    • 2009, 제주 문화 예술 재단 [jeju munhwa yesul jaedan], 개정 증보 제주어 사전 [gaejeong jeungbo jejueo sajeon], 제주 특별 자치도 [jeju teukbyeol jachido], →ISBN, page 804:
      경ᄒᆞ여도 전읜 착ᄒᆞᆫ 사름이라낫지.
      Gyeonghawyeodo jeonuin chakhawn sareumi-ra-nat-ji.
      Nevertheless, they were a nice person before.
  6. Used as a neutral verb after suffixes expressing intent or that something is about to happen.
    ᄌᆞᆷ자젠 헤ᇝ저. ― Jawmja-jen hemjeo. ― I'm about to sleep.
  7. Various idiomatic usages:
    1. See 게 ᄒᆞ다 (-ge hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
    2. See 게시리 ᄒᆞ다 (-gesiri hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
    3. See 으렌 ᄒᆞ다 (-euren hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
    4. See 어사 ᄒᆞ다 (-eosa hawda, “have to; must; should”).
    5. See 엇어사 ᄒᆞ다 (-eoseosa hawda, “should have; (shows regret)”).
    6. see ᄒᆞ고 (-hawgo, “and, with”).
    7. see ᄒᆞ곡 (-hawgok, “and, with”).

Adjective

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ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) (infinitive 헨 or 헹 or ᄒᆞ연 or ᄒᆞ영, sequential ᄒᆞ난)

  1. used after 구정 (-gujeong) to want, be desirous of
    드론 놀리구정 ᄒᆞ다게! ― Deuron nolli-gujeong hawdage! ― I want to fly the drone!

Usage notes

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(compounds)

  • As Jeju verbs and adjectives are a fully closed class, all newly borrowed or coined verbs and adjectives must be formed by ᄒᆞ다 (hawda).
  • In less formal language, the infinitive ᄒᆞ여 (hawyeo) is often contracted to 헤 (he).

Alternative forms

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References

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  • Yang Changyong, 양창용, William O'Grady, 윌리암 오그레디, Yang Sejung, 양세종 (2017) 제주어 1 [jejueo 1, Jeju 1] (in Jeju), 퍼플 [peopeul], →ISBN
  • 제주문화예술재단 [jejumunhwayesuljaedan] (2009) “ᄒᆞ다”, in 개정증보 제주어사전 [gaejeongjeungbo jejueosajeon]‎[4], 제주특별자치도 [jejuteukbyeoljachido], →ISBN, page 895


Middle Korean

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Etymology

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From Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá) (infinitive ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (hóyá), sequential ᄒᆞ니〮 (hòní))

  1. to do
  2. to say
  3. A light verb attached to various non-verbs to derive verbs and adjectives.

Descendants

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  • Jeju: ᄒᆞ다 (hawda)
  • Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆞ다 (hota)
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