駱越

Chinese

	camel	to exceed; to climb over; to surpass to exceed; to climb over; to surpass; the more ... the more
trad. (駱越)	駱	越
simp. (骆越)	骆	越
alternative forms	雒越

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駱越

Etymology

駱 (OC *rak) here results from the monosyllabification of the areal ethnonym *b.rak or *p.rak by loss of the first element in the iambic cluster; the same ethnonym is used by the Wa people, a Khmu subgroup and possibly the Bai, and may be the same as the first syllable in 百越 (OC *praːɡ ɢʷad, “Baiyue”), later construed as meaning “hundred” (Ferlus, 2009).

Ferlus (2011) links said phonograms to etymon *p.rak "taro > edible tuber" (Norquest (2020) reconstructs Proto-Kra-Dai *pəˀrˠáːk), which is reflected in Kra-Dai words like Baha [script needed] (pɣaːk) or Thai เผือก (pʉ̀ʉak) (from Proto-Tai *pʰrɨak in Ferlus's reconstruction or *prɯəkᴰ in Pittayaporn's 2009 reconstruction); he proposes that the areal ethnonym *b.rak or *p.rak was used by rice growers to designate taro-growing horticulturists.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Luòyuè

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄩㄝˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lok³ jyut⁶ / lok⁶ jyut⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Luòyuè
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Luòyuè
  - Wade–Giles: Lo⁴-yüeh⁴
  - Yale: Lwò-ywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Luohyueh
  - Palladius: Лоюэ (Lojue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lok³ jyut⁶ / lok⁶ jyut⁶
  - Yale: lok yuht / lohk yuht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lok⁸ jyt⁹ / lok⁹ jyt⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: log³ yud⁶ / log⁶ yud⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɔːk̚³ jyːt̚²/, /lɔːk̚² jyːt̚²/

Middle Chinese: lak hjwot

Rime
Character	駱	越
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)	月 (68)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	盧各切	王伐切
Baxter	lak	hjwot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑk̚/	/ɦʉɐt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑk̚/	/ɦʷiɐt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑk̚/	/ɣiuɐt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lak̚/	/ɦuat̚/
Li Rong	/lɑk̚/	/ɣiuɐt̚/
Wang Li	/lɑk̚/	/ɣĭwɐt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lɑk̚/	/i̯wɐt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	luò	yuè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lok⁶	jyut⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤak [ɢ]ʷat/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːɡ ɢʷad/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	駱	越
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	luò	yuè
Middle Chinese	‹ lak ›	‹ hjwot ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁak/	/*[ɢ]ʷat/
English	white horse with black mane	pass over
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	駱	越
Reading #	1/1	2/2
No.	3867	16333
Phonetic component	各	戉
Rime group	鐸	月
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	落	越
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raːɡ/	/*ɢʷad/

Proper noun

駱越

(historical) Luoyue (an ancient conglomeration of Yue tribes)
- 駱越之人父子同川而浴，相習以鼻飲，與禽獸無異，本不足郡縣置也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  骆越之人父子同川而浴，相习以鼻饮，与禽兽无异，本不足郡县置也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE
  Luòyuè zhī rén fùzǐ tóng chuān ér yù, xiàng xí yǐ bí yǐn, yǔ qínshòu wúyì, běn bùzú jùnxiàn zhì yě. [Pinyin]
  Among the people of Luoyue, fathers and sons bathe in the same river. They are used to drinking through their noses and are no different from beasts. It was not worth it to establish commanderies and counties there in the first place.

Chinese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Proper noun

See also