陷

See also: 陥

陷	U+9677, 陷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9677

← 陶
[U+9676]

CJK Unified Ideographs

陸 →
[U+9678]

Translingual

Han character

陷 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中弓竹難 (NLNHX), four-corner 7727₇, composition ⿰阝臽)

Derived characters

𠽏, 𥊥, 𨄽

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1354, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41707
Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4140, character 1
Unihan data for U+9677

Chinese

simp. and trad.		陷
alternative forms		陥䧟𨺻臽埳 ^‡ 陥䧟𨺻臽埳 ^‡ 𨺂 ^‡

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (臽) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
萏	*l'oːmʔ
窞	*l'oːmʔ
惂	*kʰloːmʔ
輡	*kʰloːmʔ
錎	kʰloːmʔ, ɡroːms
埳	*kʰloːmʔ
臽	kʰloːmʔ, ɡroːms
淊	ɡloːmʔ, qroːm, qroːms, lomʔ
欿	*ɡloːmʔ
蜭	ɡloːmʔ, ɡluːms
啗	l'aːmʔ, l'aːms
鵮	ʔr'oːm, kʰroːm, *kʰroːms
餡	*ɡroːms
陷	*ɡroːms
爓	ljom, loms
諂	*l̥ʰomʔ
讇	*l̥ʰomʔ
閻	*lom
焰	*loms
壛	*lom
櫩	*lom
燄	*lomʔ
掐	*kʰroːb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡroːms) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 阜 (“row of hills”) + phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms, “person falling into trap”).

Originally written 臽.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xiàn (xian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): han⁴ / xian⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ham⁶ / haam⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ham⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): han⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ham

(Meixian, Guangdong): ham⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): xie³ / han³
Northern Min (KCR): hāng
Eastern Min (BUC): hâng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hām

(Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶yi; ⁶ghe
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han⁴ / han⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
  - Wade–Giles: hsien⁴
  - Yale: syàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
  - Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: han⁴ / xian⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan / xian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan²¹³/, /ɕiɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ham⁶ / haam⁶
  - Yale: hahm / haahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ham⁶ / haam⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hem⁶ / ham⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐm²²/, /haːm²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ham⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: han⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /han¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ham
  - Hakka Romanization System: ham
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ham⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ham⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xie³ / han³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/, /xæ̃⁴⁵/

Note:

xie3 - literary;
han3 - vernacular.

Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hām
  - Tâi-lô: hām
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ham
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ham²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ham⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ham³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ham⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hām
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham¹¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶yi; ⁶ghe
  - MiniDict: yi^去; ghe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhi; ³hhe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/, /ɦe²³/

Note:

3hhi - literary;
3hhe - vernacular.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: han⁴ / han⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan⁴⁵/, /xan²¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 陷
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɕian⁵³/ /ɕyan⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ɕian⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕiã²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ɕiã⁵³/
	Xining	/ɕiã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ɕian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕiɛn³⁵/ ～害 /xan⁴²/
	Chengdu	/xan¹³/ /ɕian¹³/
	Guiyang	/ɕian²¹³/ /xan²¹³/
	Kunming	/ɕiɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ɕien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕie⁴⁵/ 下～ /xæ̃⁴⁵/ ～在泥裡
	Pingyao	/ɕiɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦe²³/ /ɦie²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦa²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕie²²/ /xɛ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/siɛ⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/xan⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/han⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/han²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ham⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ham²²/
	Nanning	/ham²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɐm²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ham²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɑŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xaŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ham³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ham³³/

Middle Chinese: heamH

Rime
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	戸韽切
Baxter	heamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨm^H/
Li Rong	/ɣɐm^H/
Wang Li	/ɣɐm^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣăm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡroːms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛm^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ˁromʔ-s/
English	fall into a pit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
No.	13556
Phonetic component	臽
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	陷
Old Chinese	/*ɡroːms/
Notes	臽轉註字

Definitions

陷

to submerge; to sink; to plunge
to be captured
to breach; to break through; to make a breakthrough
trap (device designed to catch animals)
to frame; to entrap; to set up; to bring up someone on false charges
to sink
fault; defect; drawback

Synonyms

(to breach):

edit

攻破 (gōngpò)
突破 (tūpò)

(trap): 陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
(to frame):

edit

坑 (kēng)
坑害 (kēnghài)
構陷 / 构陷 (gòuxiàn)
陷害 (xiànhài)

(fault):

edit

弊害 (bìhài)
弊病 (bìbìng)
弊端 (bìduān)
欠缺 (qiànquē)
毛病 (máobìng)
短處 / 短处 (duǎnchu)
缺失 (quēshī)
缺欠 (quēqiàn)
缺陷 (quēxiàn)
缺點 / 缺点 (quēdiǎn)

Compounds

下陷 (xiàxiàn)
傾陷 / 倾陷
先天缺陷 (xiāntiān quēxiàn)
凹陷 (āoxiàn)
地層下陷 / 地层下陷
地盤下陷 / 地盘下陷
地陷 (dìxiàn)
坑陷
塌陷 (tāxiàn)
天塌地陷
失陷 (shīxiàn)
山崩地陷
崩陷 (bēngxiàn)
搆陷 / 构陷 (gòuxiàn)
摧堅陷陣 / 摧坚陷阵
摧鋒陷陣 / 摧锋陷阵
摧陷
摧陷廓清
擠陷 / 挤陷
攻陷 (gōngxiàn)
構陷 / 构陷 (gòuxiàn)
沉陷 (chénxiàn)
深陷 (shēnxiàn)
淪陷 / 沦陷 (lúnxiàn)
淪陷區 / 沦陷区 (lúnxiànqū)
精神缺陷 (jīngshén quēxiàn)
缺陷 (quēxiàn)
自墜陷阱 / 自坠陷阱
蟄陷 / 蛰陷
衝堅陷陣 / 冲坚陷阵
衝鋒陷陣 / 冲锋陷阵 (chōngfēngxiànzhèn)
衝陷 / 冲陷 (chōngxiàn)
誣陷 / 诬陷 (wūxiàn)
身陷縲絏 / 身陷缧绁
陷人坑
陷入 (xiànrù)
陷入絕境 / 陷入绝境
陷坑 (xiànkēng)
陷堅破陣 / 陷坚破阵
陷害 (xiànhài)
陷沒 / 陷没
陷溺
陷滯 / 陷滞
陷眠 (hām-bîn) (Min Nan)
陷落 (xiànluò)
陷身 (xiànshēn)
陷車 / 陷车
陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
陷陣 / 陷阵 (xiànzhèn)

Japanese

Shinjitai	陥
Kyūjitai	陷

Kanji

陷

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 陥)

fall into
cave in
fall (castle)
slide into

Readings

On (unclassified): かん (kan)
Kun: おちいる (ochiiru, 陷る)、おとしいれる (otoshiireru, 陷れる)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 陷 (MC heamH). Recorded as Middle Korean 함〯 (hǎm) (Yale: ham) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

陷

Wikisource

陷 (eumhun 빠질 함 (ppajil ham))

hanja form^? of 함 (“fall into”)

Compounds

결함 (缺陷, gyeolham)
모함 (謀陷, moham)
함락 (陷落, hamnak)
함몰 (陷沒, hammol)
함정 (陷穽, hamjeong)
함성 (陷城, hamseong)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

陷: Hán Nôm readings: hãm, hẳm, hỏm, hoắm, hóm

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