陷

See also: 陥

陷 U+9677, 陷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9677 ← 陶 [U+9676] CJK Unified Ideographs 陸 → [U+9678]

Translingual

Han character

陷 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中弓竹難 (NLNHX), four-corner 7727₇, composition ⿰阝臽)

Derived characters

• 𠽏, 𥊥, 𨄽

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1354, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41707
• Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4140, character 1
• Unihan data for U+9677

Chinese

simp. and trad.		陷
alternative forms		陥 䧟 𨺻 臽 埳 ‡ 陥 䧟 𨺻 臽 埳 ‡ 𨺂 ‡

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陷
Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (臽) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
萏	*l'oːmʔ
窞	*l'oːmʔ
惂	*kʰloːmʔ
輡	*kʰloːmʔ
錎	*kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms
埳	*kʰloːmʔ
臽	*kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms
淊	*ɡloːmʔ, *qroːm, *qroːms, *lomʔ
欿	*ɡloːmʔ
蜭	*ɡloːmʔ, *ɡluːms
啗	*l'aːmʔ, *l'aːms
鵮	*ʔr'oːm, *kʰroːm, *kʰroːms
餡	*ɡroːms
陷	*ɡroːms
爓	*ljom, *loms
諂	*l̥ʰomʔ
讇	*l̥ʰomʔ
閻	*lom
焰	*loms
壛	*lom
櫩	*lom
燄	*lomʔ
掐	*kʰroːb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːms) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 阜 (“row of hills”) + phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms, “person falling into trap”).

Originally written 臽.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): xiàn (xian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): han⁴ / xian⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ham⁶ / haam⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ham⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): han⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ham

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ham⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): xie³ / han³
• Northern Min (KCR): hāng
• Eastern Min (BUC): hâng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hām

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶yi; ⁶ghe
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han⁴ / han⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
    • Wade–Giles: hsien⁴
    • Yale: syàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
    • Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: han⁴ / xian⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan / xian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan²¹³/, /ɕiɛn²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ham⁶ / haam⁶
    • Yale: hahm / haahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ham⁶ / haam⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: hem⁶ / ham⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐm²²/, /haːm²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ham⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: han⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /han¹¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ham
    • Hakka Romanization System: ham
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ham⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ham⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ham⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ham⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: xie³ / han³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/, /xæ̃⁴⁵/

Note:

• xie3 - literary;
• han3 - vernacular.

• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hāng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hām
    • Tâi-lô: hām
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ham
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ham²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ham⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ham³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ham⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hām
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶yi; ⁶ghe
    • MiniDict: yi^去; ghe^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhi; ³hhe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/, /ɦe²³/

Note:

• 3hhi - literary;
• 3hhe - vernacular.

• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: han⁴ / han⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan⁴⁵/, /xan²¹/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 陷
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɕian⁵³/ /ɕyan⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ɕian⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕiã²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ɕiã⁵³/
	Xining	/ɕiã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ɕian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕiɛn³⁵/ ～害 /xan⁴²/
	Chengdu	/xan¹³/ /ɕian¹³/
	Guiyang	/ɕian²¹³/ /xan²¹³/
	Kunming	/ɕiɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ɕien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕie⁴⁵/ 下～ /xæ̃⁴⁵/ ～在泥裡
	Pingyao	/ɕiɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦe²³/ /ɦie²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦa²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕie²²/ /xɛ²²/
	Tunxi	/siɛ⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/xan⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/han⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/han²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ham⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/hɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ham²²/
	Nanning	/ham²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɐm²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ham²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɑŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xaŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ham³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ham³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: heamH

Rime
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	戸韽切
Baxter	heamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛmH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæmH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐmH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨmH/
Li Rong	/ɣɐmH/
Wang Li	/ɣɐmH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣămH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡroːms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛmH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ˁromʔ-s/
English	fall into a pit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
No.	13556
Phonetic component	臽
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	陷
Old Chinese	/*ɡroːms/
Notes	臽轉註字

Definitions

陷

1. to submerge; to sink; to plunge
2. to be captured
3. to breach; to break through; to make a breakthrough
4. trap (device designed to catch animals)
5. to frame; to entrap; to set up; to bring up someone on false charges
6. to sink
7. fault; defect; drawback

Synonyms

• (to breach):

edit

• 攻破 (gōngpò)
• 突破 (tūpò)

 

• (trap): 陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
• (to frame):

edit

• 坑 (kēng)
• 坑害 (kēnghài)
• 構陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)
• 陷害 (xiànhài)

 

• (fault):

edit

• 弊害 (bìhài)
• 弊病 (bìbìng)
• 弊端 (bìduān)
• 欠缺 (qiànquē)
• 毛病 (máobìng)
• 短處／短处 (duǎnchu)
• 缺失 (quēshī)
• 缺欠 (quēqiàn)
• 缺陷 (quēxiàn)
• 缺點／缺点 (quēdiǎn)

 

Compounds

• 下陷 (xiàxiàn)
• 傾陷／倾陷
• 先天缺陷 (xiāntiān quēxiàn)
• 凹陷 (āoxiàn)
• 地層下陷／地层下陷
• 地盤下陷／地盘下陷
• 地陷 (dìxiàn)
• 坑陷
• 塌陷 (tāxiàn)
• 天塌地陷
• 失陷 (shīxiàn)
• 山崩地陷
• 崩陷 (bēngxiàn)
• 搆陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)
• 摧堅陷陣／摧坚陷阵
• 摧鋒陷陣／摧锋陷阵
• 摧陷
• 摧陷廓清
• 擠陷／挤陷
• 攻陷 (gōngxiàn)
• 構陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)
• 沉陷 (chénxiàn)
• 深陷 (shēnxiàn)
• 淪陷／沦陷 (lúnxiàn)
• 淪陷區／沦陷区 (lúnxiànqū)
• 精神缺陷 (jīngshén quēxiàn)
• 缺陷 (quēxiàn)
• 自墜陷阱／自坠陷阱
• 蟄陷／蛰陷
• 衝堅陷陣／冲坚陷阵
• 衝鋒陷陣／冲锋陷阵 (chōngfēngxiànzhèn)
• 衝陷／冲陷 (chōngxiàn)
• 誣陷／诬陷 (wūxiàn)
• 身陷縲絏／身陷缧绁
• 陷人坑
• 陷入 (xiànrù)
• 陷入絕境／陷入绝境
• 陷坑 (xiànkēng)
• 陷堅破陣／陷坚破阵
• 陷害 (xiànhài)
• 陷沒／陷没
• 陷溺
• 陷滯／陷滞
• 陷眠 (hām-bîn) (Min Nan)
• 陷落 (xiànluò)
• 陷身 (xiànshēn)
• 陷車／陷车
• 陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
• 陷陣／陷阵 (xiànzhèn)

 

Japanese

Shinjitai	陥
Kyūjitai	陷

Kanji

陷

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 陥)

1. fall into
2. cave in
3. fall (castle)
4. slide into

Readings

• On (unclassified): かん (kan)
• Kun: おちいる (ochiiru, 陷る)、おとしいれる (otoshiireru, 陷れる)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 陷 (MC heamH). Recorded as Middle Korean 함〯 (hǎm) (Yale: ham) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

陷 (eumhun 빠질 함 (ppajil ham))

1. hanja form^? of 함 (“fall into”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 결함 (缺陷, gyeolham)
• 모함 (謀陷, moham)
• 함락 (陷落, hamnak)
• 함몰 (陷沒, hammol)
• 함정 (陷穽, hamjeong)
• 함성 (陷城, hamseong)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

陷: Hán Nôm readings: hãm, hẳm, hỏm, hoắm, hóm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.