窾

窾	U+7ABE, 窾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7ABE

Translingual

Han character

窾 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 十金土火人 (JCGFO), four-corner 3098₂, composition ⿱穴款)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 868, character 25
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25655
Dae Jaweon: page 1297, character 32
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2741, character 18
Unihan data for U+7ABE

Chinese

trad.		窾
simp. ^#		窾
alternative forms		窽

Etymology

Characters in the same phonetic series (款) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
款	*kʰloːnʔ
欵	*kʰloːnʔ
歀	*kʰloːnʔ
窾	*kʰloːnʔ

According to STEDT & Schuessler (2007), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kwar (“hole, orifice; innards”).

Inside Chinese, cognate with 貫 (OC *koːns) "to go through, to pierce";
Outside Chinese, cognate with Central Bai [script needed] (khuɑ̱̃²¹, “cave, hole”), Mizo khuar ~ khur (“hole”), Burmese ဂူ (gu, “cave”) (however, see there for alternative etymologies), etc.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kuǎn, cuàn (kuan³, cuan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄢˇ, ㄘㄨㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fo¹ / fun²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kuǎn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄢˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kuǎn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻuan³
  - Yale: kwǎn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koan
  - Palladius: куань (kuanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯än²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: cuàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cuàn
  - Wade–Giles: tsʻuan⁴
  - Yale: tswàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuann
  - Palladius: цуань (cuanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu̯än⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: fo¹ / fun²
  - Yale: fō / fún
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fo¹ / fun²
  - Guangdong Romanization: fo¹ / fun²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔː⁵⁵/, /fuːn³⁵/

Middle Chinese: khwanX

Rime
Character	窾
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦管切
Baxter	khwanX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuɑn^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰʷɑn^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuɑn^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰwan^X/
Li Rong	/kʰuɑn^X/
Wang Li	/kʰuɑn^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰuɑn^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kuǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fun²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰloːnʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	窾
Reading #	1/1
No.	7511
Phonetic component	款
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	款
Old Chinese	/*kʰloːnʔ/

Definitions

窾

(archaic) hole; crack
- 依乎天理，批大郤，導大窾，因其固然。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  依乎天理，批大郤，导大窾，因其固然。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yīhū tiānlǐ, pī dàxì, dǎo dàkǔan, yīn qí gù rán. [Pinyin]
  Observing the natural lines, my knife slips through the great crevices and slides through the great cavities, taking advantage of the facilities thus presented.
(archaic) hollow; empty
- 其實中其聲者謂之端，實不中其聲者謂之窾。窾言不聽，姦乃不生，賢不肖自分，白黑乃形。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  其实中其声者谓之端，实不中其声者谓之窾。窾言不听，奸乃不生，贤不肖自分，白黑乃形。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Qí shí zhòng qí shēng zhě wèizhī duān, shí bùzhòng qí shēng zhě wèizhī kǔan. Kuǎn yán bùtīng, jiān nǎi bùshēng, xián bùxiào zìfēn, báihēi nǎi xíng. [Pinyin]
  Among all of them, one calls those whose substance matches their outward expressions 'the upright ones', and those who fail at this, 'the hollow ones'. When we refuse to heed the words of the hollow, vices will therefore wither, and the good will distinguish themselves from the dishonourable, and all the contrasting and contradicting elements will proceed to show up as they truly are.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

窾

(Hyōgai kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): かん (kan)、こう (kō)、か (ka)、く (ku)、さん (san)
Kun: むなしい (munashī, 窾しい)

Korean

Hanja

窾 • (gwan) (hangeul 관, revised gwan, McCune–Reischauer kwan, Yale kwan)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.