犛

See also: 氂 and 牦

犛 U+729B, 犛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-729B ← 犚 [U+729A] CJK Unified Ideographs 犜 → [U+729C]

Translingual

Han character

犛 (Kangxi radical 93, 牛+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 十大一竹手 (JKMHQ), four-corner 5825₁, composition ⿸𠩺牛)

1. a black ox, a yak
2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №20

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 704, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20154
• Dae Jaweon: page 1116, character 38
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1818, character 5
• Unihan data for U+729B

Chinese

trad.		犛/牦*
simp.		牦*
alternative forms		氂

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (釐) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
犛	*rɯː, *rɯ, *maːw, *mraːw
釐	*rɯ
嫠	*rɯ
剺	*rɯ
孷	*rɯ
漦	*sɦrɯ
氂	*rɯ, *maːw

Etymology

Earliest extant attestation is in Discourses of the States:

• 不然，巴浦之犀、犛、兕、象，其可盡乎，其又以規為瑱也？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]

  ---

  不然，巴浦之犀、牦、兕、象，其可尽乎，其又以规为瑱也？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

  From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE

  Bùrán, Bā Pǔ zhī xī, máo/lí, sì, xiàng, qí kě jìn hū, qí yòu yǐ guī wéi tiàn yě? [Pinyin]

  ‘Otherwise, it is because rhinoceros, yaks, wild bovids and elephants in Ba and Pu have become extinct, and for this reason you use my recommendations as earplugs (which are made from the bones of these exotic animals)?’

According to Schuessler (2007), 犛 (OC *rə) > lí is either related to or borrowed from Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “female yak”).

Jacques, d'Alpoim Guedes and Zhang (2021) propose 犛 (OC *mrˁu) > máo could reflect a borrowing from Rgyalrongic language after loss of final *-ŋ, thus making it cognate to Rgyalrongic terms for "male yak" like Tshobdun qɐⁿbrúʔ, Zbu qɐⁿbrúʔ, Situ kəmbrû, Japhug qambrɯ, and Khroskyabs [script needed] (ʁbrô); as well as Tibetan འབྲོང ('brong, “wild yak”) and Burmese ပြောင် (praung, “gaur”), etc. all from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brawŋ (“wild yak, buffalo”) (STEDT).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): máo, lí (mao², li²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄠˊ, ㄌㄧˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lei⁴ / maau⁴ / mou⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: máo
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄠˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: máo
    • Wade–Giles: mao²
    • Yale: máu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mau
    • Palladius: мао (mao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɑʊ̯³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lí
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lí
    • Wade–Giles: li²
    • Yale: lí
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: li
    • Palladius: ли (li)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lei⁴ / maau⁴ / mou⁴
    • Yale: lèih / màauh / mòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lei⁴ / maau⁴ / mou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: léi⁴ / mao⁴ / mou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lei̯²¹/, /maːu̯²¹/, /mou̯²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: li, loj, maew

Rime
Character	犛	犛	犛
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	來 (37)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	之 (19)	咍 (41)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I	II
Fanqie	里之切	洛哀切	莫交切
Baxter	li	loj	maew
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨ/	/lʌi/	/mˠau/
Pan Wuyun	/lɨ/	/ləi/	/mᵚau/
Shao Rongfen	/lie/	/lɒi/	/mau/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɨ/	/ləj/	/maɨw/
Li Rong	/liə/	/lᴀi/	/mau/
Wang Li	/lĭə/	/lɒi/	/mau/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li/	/lɑ̆i/	/mau/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lí	lái	máo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lei4	loi4	maau4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*rɯː/, /*rɯ/, /*maːw/, /*mraːw/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	犛	犛	犛	犛
Reading #	1/4	2/4	3/4	4/4
No.	7801	7806	7809	7810
Phonetic component	釐	釐	釐	釐
Rime group	之	之	宵	宵
Rime subdivision	0	0	1	1
Corresponding MC rime		釐		茅
Old Chinese	/*rɯː/	/*rɯ/	/*maːw/	/*mraːw/
Notes			訓讀同氂	訓讀氂

Definitions

犛

1. yak

   • 獸則𤛑旄貘犛，沈牛麈麋，赤首圜題，窮奇象犀。 [MSC, trad.]
     兽则𤛑旄貘牦，沈牛麈麋，赤首圜题，穷奇象犀。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 司馬相如 (Sima Xiangru) 《上林賦》 "Rhapsody on the Imperial Park", in 《史記》 Records of the Grand Historian. Translated based on Knechtges's (2008) version

     Shòu zé yóng máo mò máo/lí, shěnniú zhǔmí, chìshǒu yuántí, qióngqí xiàng xī. [Pinyin]

     Its animals are: The zebus, hairy yaks, pandas, grunting yaks, plunging bulls, elaphures; red-headed, round-hoofed; extreme extraordinaire, elephants, and rhinoceroses.

Compounds

• 犛旄／牦旄
• 犛牛／牦牛
• 犛靬／牦靬

 

References

• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02504
• “犛”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

犛

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

• Go-on: らい (rai)、り (ri)
• Kan-on: り (ri)、れい (rei)
• Kun: からうし (karaushi)

Vietnamese

Han character

犛: Hán Nôm readings: li, mao

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.