啟明

Chinese

		to open; to start	clear; bright; to understand clear; bright; to understand; next; the Ming dynasty
trad. (啟明/啓明)		啟/啓	明
simp. (启明)		启	明

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): qǐmíng

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ ㄇㄧㄥˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): qi³ min²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kai² ming⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khí-mìn
• Jin (Wiktionary): qi² ming¹
• Eastern Min (BUC): kiē-mìng
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khé-bêng
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵chi-min

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qǐmíng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cǐmíng
    • Wade–Giles: chʻi³-ming²
    • Yale: chǐ-míng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiiming
    • Palladius: цимин (cimin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ miŋ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: qi³ min²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kimin
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³ min²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: kai² ming⁴
    • Yale: kái mìhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kai² ming⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: kei² ming⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐi̯³⁵ mɪŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khí-mìn
    • Hakka Romanization System: ki^ˋ min^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ki³ min²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi³¹ min¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: qi² ming¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³ miŋ¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kiē-mìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰie³³⁻²¹ miŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khé-bêng
    • Tâi-lô: khé-bîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qefbeeng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰe⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰe⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰe⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰe⁵³⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰe⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ biɪŋ²³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵chi-min
    • MiniDict: chi^去 min
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²qi-min
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰi³³ min⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: khejX mjaeng

Rime
Character	啟	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)	庚 (111)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	康禮切	武兵切
Baxter	khejX	mjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰeiX/	/mˠiæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰeiX/	/mᵚiaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɛiX/	/miaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɛjX/	/miajŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰeiX/	/miɐŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰieiX/	/mĭɐŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰieiX/	/mi̯ɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qǐ	míng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hai2	ming4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤijʔ  mraŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰeːʔ  mraŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	啟	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qǐ	míng
Middle Chinese	‹ khejX ›	‹ mjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁijʔ/	/*mraŋ/
English	open (v.)	bright
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	啟	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	10129	9188
Phonetic component	啓	明
Rime group	支	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	啓	明
Old Chinese	/*kʰeːʔ/	/*mraŋ/
Notes	啓通用異體見漢簡

Adjective

啟明

1. (literary) enlightened; intelligent; open-minded; understanding

   • 帝曰：「疇咨若時登庸？」放齊曰：「胤子朱啟明。」帝曰：「吁！嚚訟可乎？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     帝曰：「畴咨若时登庸？」放齐曰：「胤子朱启明。」帝曰：「吁！嚚讼可乎？」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE

     Dì yuē: “Chóuzī ruòshí dēngyōng?” Fàngqí yuē: “Yìnzǐ Zhū qǐmíng.” Dì yuē: “Xū! Yínsòng kě hū?” [Pinyin]

     The Emperor said, “Who will search out (for me) a man according to the times, whom I can raise and employ?”
     Fang-qi said, “(Your) heir-son Zhu is highly intelligent.”
     The Emperor said, “Alas; he is insincere and quarrelsome ― can he do?”

Noun

啟明

1. (～星) (Chinese astronomy) planet Venus in the east before dawn; Lucifer

   • 東有啟明，西有長庚。有捄天畢，載施之行。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     东有启明，西有长庚。有捄天毕，载施之行。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Dōng yǒu qǐmíng, xī yǒu chánggēng. Yǒu qiú tiānbì, zài shī zhī xíng. [Pinyin]

     In the east there is Lucifer;
     In the west there is Hesperus;
     Long and curved is the Rabbit Net of the sky; -
     But they only occupy their places.

Synonyms

• 金星 (Jīnxīng)
• 太白星 (Tàibáixīng)

Verb

啟明

1. to enlighten; to edify; to educate (e.g. the blind)

Derived terms

• 啟明學校 / 启明学校