сам

See also: Appendix:Variations of "cam" and Appendix:Variations of "sam"

Belarusian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *samъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sam]
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

сам • (sam) m

(definitive pronoun, emphatic) self, -self

Declension

Declension of сам

		masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
nominative		сам sam	само́ samó	сама́ samá	са́мі sámi
genitive		само́га samóha		само́й samój	самі́х samíx
dative		само́му samómu		само́й samój	самі́м samím
accusative	animate	само́га samóha	само́ samó	саму́, саму́ю samú, samúju	самі́х samíx
accusative	inanimate	сам sam	само́ samó	саму́, саму́ю samú, samúju	са́мі sámi
instrumental		самі́м samím		само́й samój	самі́мі samími
locative		самі́м samím		само́й samój	самі́х samíx

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sam]
Rhymes: -am

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *samъ.

Adjective

сам • (sam) (adverb са́мо)

alone, by oneself
the very ..., the ... himself/herself/itself
на сами́я край
na samíja kraj
at the very end

сама́та жена́ дойде́
samáta žená dojdé
the woman herself came

Declension

Declension of сам (no comparative)
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
indefinite	сам sam	сама́ samá	само́ samó	сами́ samí
definite (subject form)	сами́ят samíjat	сама́та samáta	само́то samóto	сами́те samíte
definite (object form)	сами́я samíja	сама́та samáta	само́то samóto	сами́те samíte

Derived terms

само- (samo-, “solo-, auto-, self-”)
са́мец (sámec, “loner”)
сами́чък (samíčǎk, “single, alone”)
самота́ (samotá, “loneliness”)
- само́тен (samóten, “lonely”)

References

“сам (прил.)”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
“сам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “сам¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 453

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic сѣмъ (sěmŭ), an oblique case form of сѣмо (sěmo, “here, hither”), from Proto-Slavic *sěmo. The unexpected vowel in modern Bulgarian is likely by analogy with там (tam, “there”) and its derived terms.

Adverb

сам • (sam) (not comparable) (archaic or dialectal)

with beckoning verbs in the imperative: here, in this place
Ела́ сам! ― Elá sam! ― Come here!

Derived terms

наса́м (nasám)
отса́м (otsám)

References

“сам (нареч.)”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “сам²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 460
Nayden Gerov, Тодор Панчев (1904) “самъ”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎^[1] (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 118
“яла сам бе”, in BGJargon.com (in Bulgarian), 2007

Anagrams

мас (mas)

Kalmyk

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *sam, compare Mongolian сам (sam), Buryat һам (ham), Dongxiang san.

Noun

сам • (sam)

comb

Macedonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sam]

Adjective

сам • (sam) (comparative посам, superlative најсам, diminutive самичок, abstract noun самотија)

alone, by oneself

Declension

Declension of *сам*
positive	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
indefinite	сам (sam)	сама (sama)	само (samo)	сами (sami)
definite unspecified	самиот (samiot)	самата (samata)	самото (samoto)	самите (samite)
definite proximal	самиов (samiov)	самава (samava)	самово (samovo)	самиве (samive)
definite distal	самион (samion)	самана (samana)	самоно (samono)	самине (samine)

comparative	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
indefinite	посам (posam)	посама (posama)	посамо (posamo)	посами (posami)
definite unspecified	посамиот (posamiot)	посамата (posamata)	посамото (posamoto)	посамите (posamite)
definite proximal	посамиов (posamiov)	посамава (posamava)	посамово (posamovo)	посамиве (posamive)
definite distal	посамион (posamion)	посамана (posamana)	посамоно (posamono)	посамине (posamine)

superlative	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
indefinite	најсам (najsam)	најсама (najsama)	најсамо (najsamo)	најсами (najsami)
definite unspecified	најсамиот (najsamiot)	најсамата (najsamata)	најсамото (najsamoto)	најсамите (najsamite)
definite proximal	најсамиов (najsamiov)	најсамава (najsamava)	најсамово (najsamovo)	најсамиве (najsamive)
definite distal	најсамион (najsamion)	најсамана (najsamana)	најсамоно (najsamono)	најсамине (najsamine)

Mongolian

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *sam, compare Buryat һам (ham), Kalmyk сам (sam), Dongxiang san.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /sam/

Noun

сам • (sam) (Mongolian spelling ᠰᠠᠮ (sam), definite plural самнууд); (hidden-n declension)

comb

Derived terms

самнах (samnax, “to comb”)

Northern Mansi

сам

Click on labels in the image.

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Mansi *šäm, ultimately from Proto-Uralic *śilmä.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sam]

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Noun

сам (sam) (Sosva, Upper Lozva, Sygva, Ob)

eye
seed

Declension

Sosva:

Inflection of *сам* (sam)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	сам (sam)	самыг (samyg)	самыт (samyt)
locative	самт (samt)	самыгт (samygt)	самытт (samytt)
lative	самн (samn)	самыгн (samygn)	самытн (samytn)
ablative	самныл (samnyl)	самыгныл (samygnyl)	самытныл (samytnyl)
instrumental	самыл (samyl)	самыгныл (samygnyl)	самытыл (samytyl)
translative	самыг (samyg)	――	――
caritive	самта̄л (samtāl)	――	――

Possessive forms of *сам* (sam)
possessor	single possession	double possession	multiple possession
1^st person sing.	самум (samum)	самагум (samagum)	саманум (samanum)
2^rd person sing.	самын (samyn)	самагын (samagyn)	саман (saman)
3^rd person sing.	саме (same)	самаге (samage)	саманэ (samanè)
1^st person dual	самме̄н (sammēn)	самагаме̄н (samagamēn)	саманаме̄н (samanamēn)
2^rd person dual	самы̄н (samȳn)	самагы̄н (samagȳn)	саманы̄н (samanȳn)
3^rd person dual	саме̄ (samē)	самаге̄н (samagēn)	саманэ̄н (samanè̄n)
1^st person plural	самув (samuv)	самагув (samaguv)	саманув (samanuv)
2^rd person plural	самы̄н (samȳn)	самагы̄н (samagȳn)	саманы̄н (samanȳn)
3^rd person plural	саманыл (samanyl)	самага̄ныл (samagānyl)	сама̄ныл (samānyl)

Upper Lozva:

Inflection of *сам* (sam)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	сам (sam)	самый (samyj)	самыт (samyt)
locative	самт (samt)	самыййт (samyjjt)	самытт (samytt)
lative	самн (samn)	самыййн (samyjjn)	самытн (samytn)
ablative	самныл (samnyl)	самыййныл (samyjjnyl)	самытныл (samytnyl)
instrumental	самыл (samyl)	самыййныл (samyjjnyl)	самытыл (samytyl)
translative	самый (samyj)	――	――
caritive	самта̄л (samtāl)	――	――

Possessive forms of *сам* (sam)
possessor	single possession	double possession	multiple possession
1^st person sing.	самум (samum)	самайум (samajum)	саманум (samanum)
2^rd person sing.	самын (samyn)	самайын (samajyn)	саман (saman)
3^rd person sing.	саме (same)	самайе (samaje)	саманэ (samanè)
1^st person dual	самме̄н (sammēn)	самайаме̄н (samajamēn)	саманаме̄н (samanamēn)
2^rd person dual	самы̄н (samȳn)	самагы̄н (samagȳn)	саманы̄н (samanȳn)
3^rd person dual	саме̄ (samē)	самайе̄н (samajēn)	саманэ̄н (samanè̄n)
1^st person plural	самув (samuv)	самайув (samajuv)	саманув (samanuv)
2^rd person plural	самы̄н (samȳn)	самайы̄н (samajȳn)	саманы̄н (samanȳn)
3^rd person plural	саманыл (samanyl)	самайа̄ныл (samajānyl)	сама̄ныл (samānyl)

References

Afanasʹjeva, K. V., Sobjanina, S. A. (2012) “сам”, in Školʹnyj mansijsko-russkij slovarʹ [Mansi-Russian school dictionary], Khanty-Mansiysk: RIO IRO

^ Entry #964 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

Pannonian Rusyn

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈsam]
Rhymes: -am
Hyphenation: сам

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Slovak sám, from Proto-Slavic *samъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sāmas, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós.

Pronoun

сам (sam)

self, oneself
сaм нє знам цо ми було ― sam nje znam co mi bulo ― I myself don't know what happened to me

Adjective

сам (sam) (not comparable, abstract noun самота)

alone, solitary, lonely, secluded, on one's lonesome (by oneself without company)
Synonym: осамени (osameni)

нашол сом го самого дома ― našol som ho samoho doma ― I found him alone at home
alone, singlehanded (by oneself without help)
Synonym: поєдинєчни (pojedinječni)

мушиш сам себе помогнуц ― mušiš sam sebe pomohnuc ― you alone must help yourself

Declension

Declension of **сам**
	singular				plural
	masculine		feminine	neuter	virile	nonvirile
nominative	сам (sam)		сама (sama)	само / саме (samo / same)	сами (sami)
genitive	самого (samoho)		самей (samej)	самого (samoho)	самих (samix)
dative	самому (samomu)		самей (samej)	самому (samomu)	самим (samim)
accusative	personal/animal	inanimate	саму (samu)	само / саме (samo / same)	самих (samix)	сами (sami)
accusative	самого (samoho)	сам (sam)	саму (samu)	само / саме (samo / same)	самих (samix)	сами (sami)
instrumental	самим (samim)		саму (samu)	самим (samim)	самима (samima)
locative	самим / самому (samim / samomu)		самей (samej)	самим / самому (samim / samomu)	самих (samix)
vocative	сам (sam)		сама (sama)	само / саме (samo / same)	сами (sami)

Adverb

сам (sam)

alone (by oneself without company)
alone, singlehandedly (by oneself without help)
Synonyms: без помоци (bez pomoci), поєдинєчно (pojedinječno)

Noun

сам (sam) m pers (feminine equivalent сама)

(nominalized) bachelor, single man (man who is not married, who lives alone)
Synonym: самец (samec)

Declension

Declension of *сам*
	singular	plural
nominative	сам (sam)	сами (sami)
genitive	самого (samoho)	самих (samix)
dative	самому (samomu)	самим (samim)
accusative	самого (samoho)	самих (samix)
instrumental	самим (samim)	самима (samima)
locative	самим / самому (samim / samomu)	самих (samix)
vocative	сам (sam)	сами (sami)

Related terms

adjectives

осамени (osameni)
самотни (samotni)

adverbs

насамо (nasamo)
насампредз (nasampredz)
сам єден (sam jeden)
сама єдна (sama jedna)
самеперше (sameperše)

nouns

самец m pers (samec)
самица f (samica)

prefixes

само- (samo-)

pronouns

себе (sebe)
ше (še)

verbs

самовац impf (samovac)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Slovak samý.

Alternative forms

сами (sami) — in the nominative singular

Adjective

сам (sam) (not comparable)

denotes spatial or temporal proximity; the very, right, oneself
по саме шерцо ― po same šerco ― to the very heart

вишли на сам верх гори ― višli na sam verx hori ― they went to the very top of the mountain

биваю при самим беґелю ― bivaju pri samim begelju ― they live right next to the canal

то було на сам Крачун ― to bulo na sam Kračun ― that was on Christmas day itself
emphasizes the utmost measure of a trait
кукурица сами цирок и сама тараска ― kukurica sami cirok i sama taraska ― corn is God's own sorghum and millet

Declension

Declension of **сам**
	singular				plural
	masculine		feminine	neuter	virile	nonvirile
nominative	сам / сами (sam / sami)		сама (sama)	саме (same)	сами (sami)
genitive	самого (samoho)		самей (samej)	самого (samoho)	самих (samix)
dative	самому (samomu)		самей (samej)	самому (samomu)	самим (samim)
accusative	personal/animal	inanimate	саму (samu)	саме (same)	самих (samix)	сами (sami)
accusative	самого (samoho)	сам / сами (sam / sami)	саму (samu)	саме (same)	самих (samix)	сами (sami)
instrumental	самим (samim)		саму (samu)	самим (samim)	самима (samima)
locative	самим / самому (samim / samomu)		самей (samej)	самим / самому (samim / samomu)	самих (samix)
vocative	сам / сами (sam / sami)		сама (sama)	саме (same)	сами (sami)

References

Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “сам”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “сам(и)”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “alone”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 22
Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “self”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 170
Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “single-handed”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 281
Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “solitary”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 290
Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “very”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 362

Russian

Alternative forms

самъ (sam) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sam]
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

сам • (sam) m (neuter само́, feminine сама́, plural са́ми)

(definitive pronoun, emphatic) self, -self
Я сам э́то ви́дел.
Ja sam éto vídel.
I saw it myself.

Само́ госуда́рство так реши́ло.
Samó gosudárstvo tak rešílo.
The State itself has so decided.

Declension

Declension of сам

		masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
nominative		сам sam	само́ samó	сама́ samá	са́ми sámi
genitive		самого́ samovó		само́й samój	сами́х samíx
dative		самому́ samomú		само́й samój	сами́м samím
accusative	animate	самого́ samovó	само́ samó	саму́, самоё¹ samú, samojó¹	сами́х samíx
accusative	inanimate	сам sam	само́ samó	саму́, самоё¹ samú, samojó¹	са́ми sámi
instrumental		сами́м samím		само́й, само́ю samój, samóju	сами́ми samími
prepositional		само́м samóm		само́й samój	сами́х samíx

¹A dated form.

Derived terms

будь ве́рен сам себе́ (budʹ véren sam sebé)
сам не свой (sam ne svoj)
сам по себе́ (sam po sebé)
са́ми с уса́ми (sámi s usámi)
само́ собо́й (samó sobój)
само́ собо́й разуме́ется (samó sobój razuméjetsja)

Related terms

са́мый (sámyj)
себя́ (sebjá), себе́ (sebé), собо́й (sobój)

Descendants

→ Southern Yukaghir: сам (sam), саам (sām)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *samъ.

Adjective

са̑м (Latin spelling sȃm, definite са̑мӣ)

Declension

indefinite forms
singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		сам	сама	само
genitive		сама	саме	сама
dative		саму	самој	саму
accusative	inanimate animate	сам сама	саму	само
vocative		сам	сама	само
locative		саму	самој	саму
instrumental		самим	самом	самим

plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		сами	саме	сама
genitive		самих	самих	самих
dative		самим(а)	самим(а)	самим(а)
accusative		саме	саме	сама
vocative		сами	саме	сама
locative		самим(а)	самим(а)	самим(а)
instrumental		самим(а)	самим(а)	самим(а)

definite forms
singular		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		сами	сама	само
genitive		самог(а)	саме	самог(а)
dative		самом(у/е)	самој	самом(у/е)
accusative	inanimate animate	сами самог(а)	саму	само
vocative		сами	сама	само
locative		самом(е/у)	самој	самом(е/у)
instrumental		самим	самом	самим

plural		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative		сами	саме	сама
genitive		самих	самих	самих
dative		самим(а)	самим(а)	самим(а)
accusative		саме	саме	сама
vocative		сами	саме	сама
locative		самим(а)	самим(а)	самим(а)
instrumental		самим(а)	самим(а)	самим(а)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)esmь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *esmi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.

Verb

са̏м (Latin spelling sȁm)

first-person singular present enclitic of би̏ти
Ту сам. ― I'm here.

Southern Yukaghir

Alternative forms

саам (sām)

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian сам (sam).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈsam]
Rhymes: -am
Hyphenation: сам

Pronoun

сам (sam)

self, -self
- 2007, M. I. Turpanova, Раньше, когда мы были маленькие [Before, when we were little]:
  Титтэ сам иҥдьэҥитэй, - мони.
  Titte sam iŋdʹeŋitej, - moni.
  They will sew it themselves, - he said.

References

Elena Maslova (2003) A Grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 26

Ukrainian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *samъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [sam]
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

сам • (sam) m

(definitive pronoun, emphatic) self, -self

Declension

Declension of сам

		masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
nominative		сам sam	саме́, само́ samé, samó	сама́ samá	сами́, самі́ samý, samí
genitive		само́го samóho		само́ї samóji	сами́х samýx
dative		само́му samómu		самі́й samíj	сами́м samým
accusative	animate	само́го samóho	саме́, само́ samé, samó	саму́ samú	сами́х samýx
accusative	inanimate	сам sam	саме́, само́ samé, samó	саму́ samú	сами́, самі́ samý, samí
instrumental		сами́м samým		само́ю samóju	сами́ми samýmy
locative		само́му, самі́м samómu, samím		самі́й samíj	сами́х samýx

Belarusian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Declension

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Adjective

Declension

Derived terms

References

Etymology 2

Adverb

Derived terms

References

Anagrams

Kalmyk

Etymology

Noun

Macedonian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Declension

Mongolian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Northern Mansi

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

References

Pannonian Rusyn

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Pronoun

Adjective

Declension

Adverb

Noun

Declension

Related terms

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Adjective

Declension

References

Russian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Adjective

Declension

Etymology 2

Verb

Southern Yukaghir

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

References

Ukrainian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Declension

Further reading