κύριος

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See also: Κύριος

Ancient Greek

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Hellenic *kúrios, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, spread out, be strong, prevail”).[1] By surface analysis, κῦρος (kûros, “supremacy”) +‎ -ιος (-ios, adjective suffix).

Cognate with κύω (kúō), Latin cumulus, cavus, Welsh cawr.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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κῡ́ρῐος • (kū́rios) m (feminine κῡρῐ́ᾱ, neuter κῡ́ρῐον); first/second declension

  1. (of people) ruling, governing, having power
  2. (of things) decisive, critical, authorized, valid, legal, entitled
  3. (of times) fixed, set, appointed
  4. (of language) literal
  5. main, major, primary, principal

Declension

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First and second declension of κῡ́ρῐος; κῡρῐ́ᾱ; κῡ́ρῐον (Attic)
Number Singular Dual Plural
Case/Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative κῡ́ρῐος
kū́rios 		κῡρῐ́ᾱ
kūríā 		κῡ́ρῐον
kū́rion 		κῡρῐ́ω
kūríō 		κῡρῐ́ᾱ
kūríā 		κῡρῐ́ω
kūríō 		κῡ́ρῐοι
kū́rioi 		κῡ́ρῐαι
kū́riai 		κῡ́ρῐᾰ
kū́ria
Genitive κῡρῐ́ου
kūríou 		κῡρῐ́ᾱς
kūríās 		κῡρῐ́ου
kūríou 		κῡρῐ́οιν
kūríoin 		κῡρῐ́αιν
kūríain 		κῡρῐ́οιν
kūríoin 		κῡρῐ́ων
kūríōn 		κῡρῐ́ων
kūríōn 		κῡρῐ́ων
kūríōn
Dative κῡρῐ́ῳ
kūríōi 		κῡρῐ́ᾳ
kūríāi 		κῡρῐ́ῳ
kūríōi 		κῡρῐ́οιν
kūríoin 		κῡρῐ́αιν
kūríain 		κῡρῐ́οιν
kūríoin 		κῡρῐ́οις
kūríois 		κῡρῐ́αις
kūríais 		κῡρῐ́οις
kūríois
Accusative κῡ́ρῐον
kū́rion 		κῡρῐ́ᾱν
kūríān 		κῡ́ρῐον
kū́rion 		κῡρῐ́ω
kūríō 		κῡρῐ́ᾱ
kūríā 		κῡρῐ́ω
kūríō 		κῡρῐ́ους
kūríous 		κῡρῐ́ᾱς
kūríās 		κῡ́ρῐᾰ
kū́ria
Vocative κῡ́ρῐε
kū́rie 		κῡρῐ́ᾱ
kūríā 		κῡ́ρῐον
kū́rion 		κῡρῐ́ω
kūríō 		κῡρῐ́ᾱ
kūríā 		κῡρῐ́ω
kūríō 		κῡ́ρῐοι
kū́rioi 		κῡ́ρῐαι
kū́riai 		κῡ́ρῐᾰ
kū́ria
Derived forms Adverb Comparative Superlative
κῡρῐ́ως
kūríōs 		κῡρῐώτερος
kūriṓteros 		κῡρῐώτᾰτος
kūriṓtatos
Notes:

Noun

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κῡ́ριος • (kū́rios) m (genitive κῡρίου); second declension

  1. (gen.) lord, master, guardian, ruler, owner
  2. (Koine, direct address) "Sir"
  3. (Septuagint, New Testament) God (i.e., the God of Israel)

Usage notes

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  1. In the Septuagint, κύριος is regularly used to translate יהוה (a.k.a. the Tetragrammaton), as well as אֲדׂנָי.[2]
  2. During the Koine period, the nominative became more regular for direct address (as opposed to just the vocative).[3]
  3. Patristic usage expanded the use of κύριος to address the Holy Spirit as well.[4]

Declension

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Second declension of ὁ κῡ́ρῐος; τοῦ κῡρῐ́ου (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ὁ κῡ́ρῐος
ho kū́rios 		τὼ κῡρῐ́ω
tṑ kūríō 		οἱ κῡ́ρῐοι
hoi kū́rioi
Genitive τοῦ κῡρῐ́ου
toû kūríou 		τοῖν κῡρῐ́οιν
toîn kūríoin 		τῶν κῡρῐ́ων
tôn kūríōn
Dative τῷ κῡρῐ́ῳ
tôi kūríōi 		τοῖν κῡρῐ́οιν
toîn kūríoin 		τοῖς κῡρῐ́οις
toîs kūríois
Accusative τὸν κῡ́ρῐον
tòn kū́rion 		τὼ κῡρῐ́ω
tṑ kūríō 		τοὺς κῡρῐ́ους
toùs kūríous
Vocative κῡ́ρῐε
kū́rie 		κῡρῐ́ω
kūríō 		κῡ́ρῐοι
kū́rioi
Notes:

Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κύριος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 806-7
  2. ^ Johan Lust, Erik Eynikel, and Katrin Hauspie, eds., A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint, rev. ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2003).
  3. ^ M. A. Bailly, Dictionnaire Grec-Français, rev. ed. (2020), p. 1397; Johannes P. Louw and Eugene A. Nida, eds., Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains, 2nd ed. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1989), §87.53; cf. Ceslas Spicq, Theological Lexicon of the New Testament, ed. & trans. James D. Ernest, 3 vols. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1994), 2:342ff. Regarding the increasing usage of the nom. for the voc. in Koine, see A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research, 3rd. ed. (New York: George H. Doran Co.), p. 461 [§3.11.5(h)].
  4. ^ G. W. H. Lampe, ed., A Patristic Greek Lexicon (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 787-88.

Further reading

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Greek

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Etymology

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Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κύριος (kúrios, “who has power”) (noun and adjective).

For the "mister (term of address)" sense, from Koine Greek Κύριος (Kúrios), and a semantic loan from French monsieur or Italian signore.

Compare Mariupol Greek ки́риос (kírios).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈci.ɾi.os/
  • Hyphenation: κύ‧ρι‧ος

Noun

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κύριος • (kýrios) m (plural κύριοι, feminine κυρία)

  1. mister (title conferred on an adult male)
  2. master (someone who has control over something or someone)
  3. sir (an address to any male)
    formal spelling: Κύριος (Kýrios)

Declension

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singular plural
nominative κύριος (kýrios) κύριοι (kýrioi)
genitive κυρίου (kyríou) κυρίων (kyríon)
accusative κύριο (kýrio) κυρίους (kyríous)
vocative κύριε (kýrie) κύριοι (kýrioi)

Synonyms

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See also

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Adjective

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κύριος • (kýrios) m (feminine κύρια, neuter κύριο)

  1. main, principal, most important
    κύριο άρθρο εφημερίδας ― kýrio árthro efimerídas ― main article of a newspaper

Declension

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singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative κύριος (kýrios) κύρια (kýria) κύριο (kýrio) κύριοι (kýrioi) κύριες (kýries) κύρια (kýria)
genitive κύριου (kýriou) κύριας (kýrias) κύριου (kýriou) κύριων (kýrion) κύριων (kýrion) κύριων (kýrion)
accusative κύριο (kýrio) κύρια (kýria) κύριο (kýrio) κύριους (kýrious) κύριες (kýries) κύρια (kýria)
vocative κύριε (kýrie) κύρια (kýria) κύριο (kýrio) κύριοι (kýrioi) κύριες (kýries) κύρια (kýria)

Derivations:
Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο κύριος, etc.)
Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο κύριος, etc.)

Degrees of comparison by suffixation
comparative singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative κυριότερος (kyrióteros) κυριότερη (kyrióteri) κυριότερο (kyriótero) κυριότεροι (kyrióteroi) κυριότερες (kyrióteres) κυριότερα (kyriótera)
genitive κυριότερου (kyrióterou) κυριότερης (kyrióteris) κυριότερου (kyrióterou) κυριότερων (kyrióteron) κυριότερων (kyrióteron) κυριότερων (kyrióteron)
accusative κυριότερο (kyriótero) κυριότερη (kyrióteri) κυριότερο (kyriótero) κυριότερους (kyrióterous) κυριότερες (kyrióteres) κυριότερα (kyriótera)
vocative κυριότερε (kyriótere) κυριότερη (kyrióteri) κυριότερο (kyriótero) κυριότεροι (kyrióteroi) κυριότερες (kyrióteres) κυριότερα (kyriótera)
derivations relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο κυριότερος", etc)
Absolute superlative singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative κυριότατος (kyriótatos) κυριότατη (kyriótati) κυριότατο (kyriótato) κυριότατοι (kyriótatoi) κυριότατες (kyriótates) κυριότατα (kyriótata)
genitive κυριότατου (kyriótatou) κυριότατης (kyriótatis) κυριότατου (kyriótatou) κυριότατων (kyriótaton) κυριότατων (kyriótaton) κυριότατων (kyriótaton)
accusative κυριότατο (kyriótato) κυριότατη (kyriótati) κυριότατο (kyriótato) κυριότατους (kyriótatous) κυριότατες (kyriótates) κυριότατα (kyriótata)
vocative κυριότατε (kyriótate) κυριότατη (kyriótati) κυριότατο (kyriótato) κυριότατοι (kyriótatoi) κυριότατες (kyriótates) κυριότατα (kyriótata)

Derived terms

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Further reading

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