afinar

Catalan

Etymology

From a- +‎ fi +‎ -ar.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ə.fiˈna]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [a.fiˈnaɾ]
• Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

Verb

afinar (first-person singular present afino, first-person singular preterite afiní, past participle afinat)

1. (transitive) to refine
2. (transitive) to tune (to modify a musical instrument)
3. (pronominal) to approach

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afinar (first conjugation)

infinitive			afinar
gerund			afinant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		afinat		afinada
		plural		afinats		afinades
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	afino	afines	afina	afinem	afineu	afinen
	imperfect	afinava	afinaves	afinava	afinàvem	afinàveu	afinaven
	future	afinaré	afinaràs	afinarà	afinarem	afinareu	afinaran
	preterite	afiní	afinares	afinà	afinàrem	afinàreu	afinaren
	conditional	afinaria	afinaries	afinaria	afinaríem	afinaríeu	afinarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	afini	afinis	afini	afinem	afineu	afinin
	imperfect	afinés	afinessis	afinés	afinéssim	afinéssiu	afinessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	afina	afini	afinem	afineu	afinin
	negative (no)	—	no afinis	no afini	no afinem	no afineu	no afinin

Derived terms

• afinador
• afinament
• afinat

Further reading

• “afinar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “afinar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “afinar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “afinar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Galician

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /afiˈnaɾ/ [a.fiˈnaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Hyphenation: a‧fi‧nar

Verb

afinar (first-person singular present afino, first-person singular preterite afinei, past participle afinado)

1. (transitive) to refine
2. (transitive) to tune (to modify a musical instrument)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afinar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	afinar
Personal	afinar	afinares	afinar	afinarmos	afinardes	afinaren
Gerund
	afinando
Past participle
Masculine	afinado			afinados
Feminine	afinada			afinadas
Indicative
Present	afino	afinas	afina	afinamos	afinades	afinan
Imperfect	afinaba	afinabas	afinaba	afinabamos	afinabades	afinaban
Preterite	afinei	afinaches	afinou	afinamos	afinastes	afinaron
Pluperfect	afinara	afinaras	afinara	afinaramos	afinarades	afinaran
Future	afinarei	afinarás	afinará	afinaremos	afinaredes	afinarán
Conditional	afinaría	afinarías	afinaría	afinariamos	afinariades	afinarían
Subjunctive
Present	afine	afines	afine	afinemos	afinedes	afinen
Imperfect	afinase	afinases	afinase	afinásemos	afinásedes	afinasen
Future	afinar	afinares	afinar	afinarmos	afinardes	afinaren
Imperative
Affirmative		afina	afine	afinemos	afinade	afinen
Negative (non)		non afines	non afine	non afinemos	non afinedes	non afinen

    Reintegrated conjugation of afinar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	afinar
Personal	afinar	afinares	afinar	afinarmos	afinardes	afinarem
Gerund
	afinando
Past participle
Masculine	afinado			afinados
Feminine	afinada			afinadas
Indicative
Present	afino	afinas	afina	afinamos	afinades, afinais	afinam
Imperfect	afinava	afinavas	afinava	afinávamos	afinávades, afináveis, afinávais1	afinavam
Preterite	afinei	afinaste, afinache1	afinou	afinamos	afinastes	afinárom, afinaram
Pluperfect	afinara	afinaras	afinara	afináramos	afinárades, afináreis, afinárais1	afinaram
Future	afinarei	afinarás	afinará	afinaremos	afinaredes, afinareis	afinarám, afinarão
Conditional	afinaria	afinarias	afinaria	afinaríamos	afinaríades, afinaríeis, afinaríais1	afinariam
Subjunctive
Present	afine	afines	afine	afinemos	afinedes, afineis	afinem
Imperfect	afinasse	afinasses	afinasse	afinássemos	afinássedes, afinásseis	afinassem
Future	afinar	afinares	afinar	afinarmos	afinardes	afinarem
Imperative
Affirmative		afina	afine	afinemos	afinade, afinai	afinem
Negative (nom)		nom afines	nom afine	nom afinemos	nom afinedes, nom afineis	nom afinem

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

• fino

Further reading

• “afinar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
• “afinar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).

Ladino

Verb

afinar (Latin spelling)

1. to let (someone) starve

Occitan

Verb

afinar

1. to refine
2. to purify

Conjugation

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		afinar			aver afinat
gerund		afinant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afinat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afini	afinas	afina	afinam	afinatz	afinan
	imperfect	afinavi	afinavas	afinava	afinàvem	afinàvetz	afinavan
	preterite	afinèri	afinères	afinèt	afinèrem	afinèretz	afinèron
	future	afinarai	afinaràs	afinarà	afinarem	afinaretz	afinaràn
	conditional	afinariái	afinariás	afinariá	afinariam	afinariatz	afinarián
	conditional 2nd form1	afinèra	afinèras	afinèra	afineram	afineratz	afinèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afine	afines	afine	afinem	afinetz	afinen
	imperfect	afinèssi	afinèsses	afinèsse	afinèssem	afinèssetz	afinèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afina		afinem	afinatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Auvernhàs

		simple			compound
infinitive		afinar			aver afinat
gerund		afinant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afinat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afine	afines	afina	afinam	afinatz	afinon
	imperfect	afinave	afinaves	afinava	afinaviam	afinaviatz	afinavon
	preterite	afinere	afineres	afinet	afinem	afinetz	afineron
	future	afinarai	afinaràs	afinará	afinarem	afinaretz	afinarán
	conditional	afinariá	afinariás	afinariá	afinariam	afinariatz	afinarián
	conditional 2nd form1	afinèra	afinèras	afinèra	afineram	afineratz	afinèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afine	afines	afine	afinassiam	afinassiatz	afinon
	imperfect	afinesse	afinesses	afinesse	afinessiam	afinessiatz	afinesson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afina		afinassiam	afinatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Gascon

		simple			compound
infinitive		afinar			aver afinat
gerund		afinant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afinat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afini	afinas	afina	afinam	afinatz	afinan
	imperfect	afinavi	afinavas	afinava	afinàvam	afinàvatz	afinavan
	preterite	afinèi	afinès	afinè	afinèm	afinètz	afinèn
	future	afinarèi	afinaràs	afinarà	afinaram	afinaratz	afinaràn
	conditional	afinarí	afinarés	afinaré	afinarem	afinaretz	afinarén
	conditional 2nd form1	afinèra	afinèras	afinèra	afineram	afineratz	afinèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afini	afines	afine	afinem	afinetz	afinen
	imperfect	afinèssi	afinèsses	afinèsse	afinèssem	afinèssetz	afinèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afina		afinem	afinatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Lemosin

		simple			compound
infinitive		afinar			aver afinat
gerund		afinant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afinat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afine	afinas	afina	afinam	afinatz	afinan
	imperfect	afinava	afinavas	afinava	afinàvam	afinàvatz	afinavan
	preterite	afinei	afineras	afinet	afinèram	afinèratz	afineran
	future	afinarai	afinaràs	afinará	afinarem	afinaretz	afinarán
	conditional	afinariá	afinariàs	afinariá	afinariam	afinariatz	afinarián
	conditional 2nd form1	afinèra	afinèras	afinèra	afineram	afineratz	afinèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afine	afines	afine	afinem	afinetz	afinen
	imperfect	afinèsse	afinèsses	afinèsse	afinèssem	afinèssetz	afinèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afina		afinem	afinatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Provençau

		simple			compound
infinitive		afinar			aver afinat
gerund		afinant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		afinat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	afine	afines	afina	afinam	afinatz	afinan
	imperfect	afinavi	afinavas	afinava	afinàvem	afinàvetz	afinavan
	preterite	afinère	afinères	afinèt	afineriam	afineriatz	afinèron
	future	afinarai	afinaràs	afinarà	afinarem	afinaretz	afinaràn
	conditional	afinariáu	afinariás	afinariá	afinariam	afinariatz	afinarián
	conditional 2nd form1	afinèra	afinèras	afinèra	afineram	afineratz	afinèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	afine	afines	afine	afinem	afinetz	afinan
	imperfect	afinèsse	afinèsses	afinèsse	afinessiam	afinessiatz	afinèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			afina		afinem	afinatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

References

• Diccionari General de la Lenga Occitana, L’Academia occitana – Consistòri del Gai Saber, 2008-2024, page 28.

Portuguese

Etymology

From a- +‎ fino +‎ -ar, influenced by French affiner.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fiˈna(ʁ)/ [a.fiˈna(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fiˈna(ʁ)/ [a.fiˈna(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /a.fiˈna(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /a.fiˈna(ʁ)/ [a.fiˈna(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /a.fiˈna(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fiˈnaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fiˈnaɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ.fiˈna.ɾi/

Verb

afinar (first-person singular present afino, first-person singular preterite afinei, past participle afinado)

1. (transitive) to thin (to make thinner)

   Synonym: adelgaçar

2. (intransitive) to thin (to become thinner)

   Synonym: adelgaçar

3. (music) to tune (to modify a musical instrument)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afinar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	afinar
Personal	afinar	afinares	afinar	afinarmos	afinardes	afinarem
Gerund
	afinando
Past participle
Masculine	afinado			afinados
Feminine	afinada			afinadas
Indicative
Present	afino	afinas	afina	afinamos	afinais	afinam
Imperfect	afinava	afinavas	afinava	afinávamos	afináveis	afinavam
Preterite	afinei	afinaste	afinou	afinamos1, afinámos2	afinastes	afinaram
Pluperfect	afinara	afinaras	afinara	afináramos	afináreis	afinaram
Future	afinarei	afinarás	afinará	afinaremos	afinareis	afinarão
Conditional	afinaria	afinarias	afinaria	afinaríamos	afinaríeis	afinariam
Subjunctive
Present	afine	afines	afine	afinemos	afineis	afinem
Imperfect	afinasse	afinasses	afinasse	afinássemos	afinásseis	afinassem
Future	afinar	afinares	afinar	afinarmos	afinardes	afinarem
Imperative
Affirmative		afina	afine	afinemos	afinai	afinem
Negative (não)		não afines	não afine	não afinemos	não afineis	não afinem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Derived terms

• desafinar

Related terms

• fino

Descendants

• Macanese: afinâ

Further reading

• “afinar” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
• “afinar”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2024
• “afinar”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024

Spanish

Etymology

From fino. Compare archaic English affine (“to refine”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /afiˈnaɾ/ [a.fiˈnaɾ]

• Audio (Venezuela):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: a‧fi‧nar

Verb

afinar (first-person singular present afino, first-person singular preterite afiné, past participle afinado)

1. (transitive) to refine, to fine-tune
2. (transitive) to tune (to modify a musical instrument)

   Synonym: entonar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of afinar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			afinar
gerund			afinando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		afinado		afinada
		plural		afinados		afinadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	afino	afinastú afinásvos	afina	afinamos	afináis	afinan
	imperfect	afinaba	afinabas	afinaba	afinábamos	afinabais	afinaban
	preterite	afiné	afinaste	afinó	afinamos	afinasteis	afinaron
	future	afinaré	afinarás	afinará	afinaremos	afinaréis	afinarán
	conditional	afinaría	afinarías	afinaría	afinaríamos	afinaríais	afinarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	afine	afinestú afinésvos2	afine	afinemos	afinéis	afinen
	imperfect (ra)	afinara	afinaras	afinara	afináramos	afinarais	afinaran
	imperfect (se)	afinase	afinases	afinase	afinásemos	afinaseis	afinasen
	future1	afinare	afinares	afinare	afináremos	afinareis	afinaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		afinatú afinávos	afine	afinemos	afinad	afinen
	negative		no afines	no afine	no afinemos	no afinéis	no afinen

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of afinar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive afinar	dative	afinarme	afinarte	afinarle, afinarse	afinarnos	afinaros	afinarles, afinarse
	accusative	afinarme	afinarte	afinarlo, afinarla, afinarse	afinarnos	afinaros	afinarlos, afinarlas, afinarse
with gerund afinando	dative	afinándome	afinándote	afinándole, afinándose	afinándonos	afinándoos	afinándoles, afinándose
	accusative	afinándome	afinándote	afinándolo, afinándola, afinándose	afinándonos	afinándoos	afinándolos, afinándolas, afinándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative afina	dative	afíname	afínate	afínale	afínanos	not used	afínales
	accusative	afíname	afínate	afínalo, afínala	afínanos	not used	afínalos, afínalas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative afiná	dative	afiname	afinate	afinale	afinanos	not used	afinales
	accusative	afiname	afinate	afinalo, afinala	afinanos	not used	afinalos, afinalas
with formal second-person singular imperative afine	dative	afíneme	not used	afínele, afínese	afínenos	not used	afíneles
	accusative	afíneme	not used	afínelo, afínela, afínese	afínenos	not used	afínelos, afínelas
with first-person plural imperative afinemos	dative	not used	afinémoste	afinémosle	afinémonos	afinémoos	afinémosles
	accusative	not used	afinémoste	afinémoslo, afinémosla	afinémonos	afinémoos	afinémoslos, afinémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative afinad	dative	afinadme	not used	afinadle	afinadnos	afinaos	afinadles
	accusative	afinadme	not used	afinadlo, afinadla	afinadnos	afinaos	afinadlos, afinadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative afinen	dative	afínenme	not used	afínenle	afínennos	not used	afínenles, afínense
	accusative	afínenme	not used	afínenlo, afínenla	afínennos	not used	afínenlos, afínenlas, afínense

Derived terms

• afinación
• afinador
• afinamiento

 

Further reading

• “afinar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10