Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/grěxъ
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Proto-Slavic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Potentially a conflation of more than one semantic kernels:
- Mledenov, Vasmer, Trubačev, Skok: From an earlier *grēxŭ, stemming from *grěti (“to heat”) + *-xъ, based on related terms conveying thermal states: dial. Bulgarian гря́шка (grjáška, “scorch, fever”), dial. Russian гре́шина (gréšina, “blaze”). Perhaps originally implying “fervour, ardour” → “guilt”.
- Iljinsky, Endzelīns: From an earlier *grai(k)śŭ, related to Lithuanian graižùs (“winding, crooked”), Latvian grèizs (“crooked, slanting, diagonal”) and possibly Proto-Slavic *grěza (“delirium, confusion”). Originally referring to “skewness, misalignment” > “error”. Such a meaning is reflected in agricultural vocabulary: cf. dial. Polish grzecha, ogrzech (“a vacant strip in a sown field or a piece of land not ploughed by the ploughman's carelessness”), dial. Russian грехва (grexva), о́грех (ógrex), Ukrainian о́грех (óhrex, “place not ploughed or badly ploughed”), dial. Belarusian грэх (hrex, “a field that has been missed by sowing or ploughing”). Additionally, in South Slavic (except for Slovene) the principal word for “mistake” is the diminutive form of *grěxъ. For meaning shift compare *krivъ (“crooked, bent; wrong”) : *krivьda (“evil, injustice”).
- Proposed further cognates: Akin to Ancient Greek χρεῖος (khreîos, “liability, debt, need”) (Pedersen) or Ancient Greek χρῑ́ω (khrī́ō, “to smear, to anoint”), χροΐζω (khroḯzō, “to concern”) (Berneker).
Noun
[edit]- per etymology from early *grēxŭ:
- per etymology from early *grai(k)śŭ:
- error, mistake, misconduct
- Synonym: *xyba
- error, mistake, misconduct
Usage notes
[edit]Modern descendants generally bear the abstract meaning “sin”. It arose post-Proto-Slavic, under the influence of Christianity, and is a calque of Latin and Greek terms: compare Latin peccātum (“error, mistake, deficiency; sin”), peccāre (“to trip, stumble; to transgress”), Ancient Greek ἁμαρτάνω (hamartánō, “to miss; to fail, sin”), ἁμαρτία (hamartía, “error, mistake; guilt, sin”).
Inflection
[edit]Declension of *grě̃xъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | *grě̃xъ | *grě̄xà | *grě̄śì |
genitive | *grě̄xà | *grě̄xù | *grě̃xъ |
dative | *grě̄xù | *grě̄xòma | *grě̄xòmъ |
accusative | *grě̃xъ | *grě̄xà | *grě̄xỳ |
instrumental | *grě̄xъ̀mь, *grě̄xòmь* | *grě̄xòma | *grě̃xy |
locative | *grě̄śě̀ | *grě̄xù | *grě̃śěxъ |
vocative | *grěše | *grě̄xà | *grě̄śì |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
[edit]nouns
verbs
- *grěšiti impf (“to err, make mistakes”)
- *grěxovati
adjectives
Descendants
[edit]- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
[edit]- ^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*grěxъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 115
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grě́xъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 197
- ^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (2001), “grěchъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 8 (goda – gyža), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 207
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “grěxъ grěxa”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (SA 78, 187, 199; PR 134; MP 16; RPT 98, 101)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “greh”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *grěxъ̏”
Further reading
[edit]- Anikin, A. E. (2018) “грешина”, in Русский этимологический словарь [Russian Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian), issue 12 (грак – дбать), Moscow: Nestor-Historia, →ISBN, page 93
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “грех”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “grzech”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN, page 185
- The template Template:R:zle-obe:HSBM does not use the parameter(s):
url=greh
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Zhurawski, A. I., editor (1986), “грѣхъ”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 7 (гляденье – девичество), Minsk: Navuka i tekhnika, page 148 - Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “grzech”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, page 161
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982–2012), “гріх”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “грях”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 290
- Yelena Aleksandrovna Potekhina (2012) “Cемантика и прагматика религиозного текста (на материале рукописи «Чин исповеданию» из собрания бывшего старообрядческого монастыря в Войнове)”, in Language and Method, volume 1, →ISSN