Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/trudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably originally a root aorist, present singular *tred-, non-singular *trud-, from a possible Pre-Germanic *dret-, which could theoretically be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dr- (“to run”), compare *drem- (“to run, sleep”) and *dreh₂- (“to run”) (the latter whence Sanskrit द्रा (drā, “to run, make haste”)). Akin to Proto-Slavic *dьrtěti (“to degrade, to age”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtru.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*trudaną

1. to tread, to step on

Inflection

The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

Conjugation of *trudaną (strong class 4)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*trudō	*trudaų	—	*trudai	?
2nd singular	*trudizi	*trudaiz	*trud	*trudazai	*trudaizau
3rd singular	*trudidi	*trudai	*trudadau	*trudadai	*trudaidau
1st dual	*trudōz	*trudaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*trudadiz	*trudaidiz	*trudadiz	—	—
1st plural	*trudamaz	*trudaim	—	*trudandai	*trudaindau
2nd plural	*trudid	*trudaid	*trudid	*trudandai	*trudaindau
3rd plural	*trudandi	*trudain	*trudandau	*trudandai	*trudaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*trad	*trēdį̄
2nd singular	*trast	*trēdīz
3rd singular	*trad	*trēdī
1st dual	*trēdū	*trēdīw
2nd dual	*trēdudiz	*trēdīdiz
1st plural	*trēdum	*trēdīm
2nd plural	*trēdud	*trēdīd
3rd plural	*trēdun	*trēdīn
	present	past
participles	*trudandz	*trudanaz

Derived terms

• *fratrudaną
• *tradjaną
• *tradjōną
• *tredą
• *trēdiz
• *trudą
• *trudjōną
• *trullōną

Related terms

• *tradō
• ?*truzlą

Descendants

The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-. However, the Medieval Latin loanword trot(t)ō suggests that the original vocalism may have been retained in some High German varieties.

• Proto-West Germanic: *tredan
  • Old English: tredan
    • Middle English: treden
      • Scots: trad, tred
      • English: tread
  • Old Frisian: treda
    • Saterland Frisian: treede
    • West Frisian: trêdzje
  • Old Saxon: *tredan
    • Middle Low German: trēden
      • Low German: treden
      • → Swedish: träda
      • → Danish: træde
      • → Faroese: træða, treða
  • Old Dutch: tredan
    • Middle Dutch: trēden
      • Dutch: treden
        • Afrikaans: tree
      • Limburgish: traeje
  • Old High German: tretan
    • Middle High German: treten
      • Central Franconian: tredde, träde, treade
        • Bavarian: tretn
        • Hunsrik: trede
        • Luxembourgish: trieden
      • German: treten
        • ⇒ German: Trotte
  • → Medieval Latin: trottō, trotō
    • Old French: trotter, troter
      • French: trotter
      • → English: trot
    • Italian: trottare
    • Spanish: trotar
    • Portuguese: trotar
    • Occitan: trotar
• Old Norse: troða, truða
  • Icelandic: troða
  • Faroese: troða
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: trå, trø
  • Elfdalian: troðå
  • Old Swedish: troþa, trudha
    • Swedish: tråda, trå, (träda)
  • Danish: trå, tråde (træde)
    • Norwegian Bokmål: trå
• Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan)