Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fratrudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fra- +‎ *trudaną.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˌɸrɑˈtru.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*fratrudaną

to trample

Inflection

The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

Conjugation of *fratrudaną (strong class 4)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*fratrudō	*fratrudaų	—	*fratrudai	?
2nd singular	*fratrudizi	*fratrudaiz	*fratrud	*fratrudazai	*fratrudaizau
3rd singular	*fratrudidi	*fratrudai	*fratrudadau	*fratrudadai	*fratrudaidau
1st dual	*fratrudōz	*fratrudaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*fratrudadiz	*fratrudaidiz	*fratrudadiz	—	—
1st plural	*fratrudamaz	*fratrudaim	—	*fratrudandai	*fratrudaindau
2nd plural	*fratrudid	*fratrudaid	*fratrudid	*fratrudandai	*fratrudaindau
3rd plural	*fratrudandi	*fratrudain	*fratrudandau	*fratrudandai	*fratrudaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fratrad	*fratrēdį̄
2nd singular	*fratrast	*fratrēdīz
3rd singular	*fratrad	*fratrēdī
1st dual	*fratrēdū	*fratrēdīw
2nd dual	*fratrēdudiz	*fratrēdīdiz
1st plural	*fratrēdum	*fratrēdīm
2nd plural	*fratrēdud	*fratrēdīd
3rd plural	*fratrēdun	*fratrēdīn

	present	past
participles	*fratrudandz	*fratrudanaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *fratredan
- Old English: fortredan
  - Middle English: fortreden
    - English: fortread
- Old Frisian: *fortreda
  - West Frisian: fertrêdzje
- Old Saxon: *fartredan
  - Middle Low German: vörtreden, vortreden
- Old Dutch: *fartredan
  - Middle Dutch: vertreden
    - Dutch: vertreden
- Old High German: firtretan
  - Middle High German: vertreten
    - German: vertreten
Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (fratrudan)