鄉愿

Chinese

		country; village	sincere; willing
trad. (鄉愿)		鄉	愿
simp. (乡愿)		乡	愿
alternative forms		鄉原／乡原

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiāngyuàn

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤ ㄩㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng¹ jyun⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiong-goān

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiāngyuàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤ ㄩㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siangyuàn
    • Wade–Giles: hsiang¹-yüan⁴
    • Yale: syāng-ywàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiangyuann
    • Palladius: сянъюань (sjanʺjuanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoeng¹ jyun⁶
    • Yale: hēung yuhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng¹ jyn⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: hêng¹ yun⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hœːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiong-goān
    • Tâi-lô: hiong-guān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hionggoan
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ³³ ɡuan⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan³³/

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• Middle Chinese: xjang ngjwonH

Rime
Character	鄉	愿
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	許良切	魚怨切
Baxter	xjang	ngjwonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨɐŋ/	/ŋʉɐnH/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɐŋ/	/ŋʷiɐnH/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɑŋ/	/ŋiuɐnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨaŋ/	/ŋuanH/
Li Rong	/xiaŋ/	/ŋiuɐnH/
Wang Li	/xĭaŋ/	/ŋĭwɐnH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xi̯aŋ/	/ŋi̯wɐnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiāng	yuàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng1	jyun6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰaŋ  ŋʷans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鄉
Reading #	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjang ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋ/
English	village; district
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鄉	愿
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13596	16198
Phonetic component	鄉	原
Rime group	陽	元
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	香	願
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋ/	/*ŋʷans/
Notes	甲金文象兩人對食， 爲饗初文

Noun

鄉愿

1. (literary) hypocrite

Synonyms

edit

• 偽君子／伪君子 (wěijūnzǐ)
• 偽善者／伪善者 (wěishànzhě)
• 假聖人／假圣人 (Hokkien)

 

References

• “Entry #109961”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.