虛假

See also: 虚假 and 虚仮

Chinese

		devoid of content; void; false devoid of content; void; false; empty; vain	vacation; fake; false vacation; fake; false; artificial; to borrow; if; suppose
trad. (虛假)		虛	假
simp. (虚假)		虚	假

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xūjiǎ

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩ ㄐㄧㄚˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): heoi¹ gaa²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hî-ká
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hir-ké / hi-ké / hu-ké / hi-kée / hir-ká / hu-ká

  (Teochew, Peng'im): he¹ gê²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xūjiǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩ ㄐㄧㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syujiǎ
    • Wade–Giles: hsü¹-chia³
    • Yale: syū-jyǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiujea
    • Palladius: сюйцзя (sjujczja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: heoi¹ gaa²
    • Yale: hēui gá
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoey¹ gaa²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hêu¹ ga²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵy̯⁵⁵ kaː³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hî-ká
    • Hakka Romanization System: hi^ˊ ga^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hi¹ ga³
    • Sinological IPA: /hi²⁴ ka³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hir-ké
    • Tâi-lô: hir-ké
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ³³ ke⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-ké
    • Tâi-lô: hi-ké
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hi'kea
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu-ké
    • Tâi-lô: hu-ké
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hu'kea
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-kée
    • Tâi-lô: hi-kée
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hir-ká
    • Tâi-lô: hir-ká
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ³³ ka⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu-ká
    • Tâi-lô: hu-ká
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hu'kar
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: he¹ gê²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hṳ ké
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɯ³³⁻²³ ke⁵²/

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• Middle Chinese: xjo kaeX

Rime
Character	虛	假
Reading #	1/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	朽居切	古疋切
Baxter	xjo	kaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨʌ/	/kˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɔ/	/kᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɔ/	/kaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨə̆/	/kaɨX/
Li Rong	/xiɔ/	/kaX/
Wang Li	/xĭo/	/kaX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xi̯wo/	/kaX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xū	jiǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	heoi1	gaa2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰ(r)a  Cə.kˤraʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰa  kraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虛	假
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xū	jiǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ xjo ›	‹ kæX ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰ(r)a/	/*Cə.kˁraʔ/
English	empty	borrow; false
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虛	假
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	5269	5955
Phonetic component	虍	叚
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	虚	檟
Old Chinese	/*qʰa/	/*kraːʔ/

Adjective

虛假

1. fake; false

   • 貧則見廉，富則見義，生則見愛，死則見哀，四行者不可虛假，反之身者也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     贫则见廉，富则见义，生则见爱，死则见哀，四行者不可虚假，反之身者也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mozi, c. 4^th century BCE

     Pín zé jiàn lián, fù zé jiàn yì, shēng zé jiàn ài, sǐ zé jiàn āi, sì xíng zhě bùkě xūjiǎ, fǎn zhī shēn zhě yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

• 虛幻／虚幻 (xūhuàn)
• (Hakka) 花假, 花花假假

Antonyms

• 真實／真实 (zhēnshí)

Derived terms

• 虛假大學 / 虚假大学 (xūjiǎ dàxué)
• 虛假婚姻 / 虚假婚姻 (xūjiǎ hūnyīn)
• 虛假意識 / 虚假意识 (xūjiǎ yìshí)