強國

Chinese

		strength; force; power strength; force; power; powerful; better	country; state; nation
trad. (強國)		強	國
simp. (强国)		强	国

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiángguó

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁴ gwok³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qiángguó
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ciángguó
    • Wade–Giles: chʻiang²-kuo²
    • Yale: chyáng-gwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyanggwo
    • Palladius: цянго (cjango)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: koeng⁴ gwok³
    • Yale: kèuhng gwok
    • Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁴ gwok⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: kêng⁴ guog³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

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• Middle Chinese: gjang kwok

Rime
Character	強	國
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	德 (132)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	巨良切	古或切
Baxter	gjang	kwok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐŋ/	/kwək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐŋ/	/kʷək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɑŋ/	/kuək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨaŋ/	/kwək̚/
Li Rong	/ɡiaŋ/	/kuək̚/
Wang Li	/ɡĭaŋ/	/kuək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯aŋ/	/kwək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiáng	guo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	koeng4	gwak1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋ  kʷɯːɡ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	強	國
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	10318	5547
Phonetic component	强	或
Rime group	陽	職
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	強	國
Old Chinese	/*ɡaŋ/	/*kʷɯːɡ/
Notes	彊省聲而非弘聲， 通借爲彊

Noun

強國

1. powerful nation; powerful country; power

   學習強國 [MSC, trad.]
   学习强国 [MSC, simp.]

   Xuéxí Qiángguó [Pinyin]

   Xuexi Qiangguo (2019 mobile app)

2. tyrannical state

   • 王者尚其德而布其刑，霸者刑德並湊，強國先其刑而後德。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     王者尚其德而布其刑，霸者刑德并凑，强国先其刑而后德。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Shuoyuan, circa 1^st century BCE

     Wángzhě shàng qí dé ér bù qí xíng, bà zhě xíng dé bìng còu, qiángguó xiān qí xíng ér hòu dé. [Pinyin]

     Just rulers revere virtue and promulgate laws of penal justice accordinly. Hegemons make use of punishment and morals in parallel. A despotic country prioritizes punishments and treats virtue as secondary.

Proper noun

強國

1. (chiefly Hong Kong Cantonese, sarcastic) People's Republic of China; China

Synonyms

• (Cantonese) 贏國／赢国

edit

• 中 (abbreviation)
• 中共 (Zhōnggòng) (Taiwan, derogatory)
• 中共國 / 中共国 (zhōnggòngguó) (derogatory)
• 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
• 中國 / 中国 (Zhōngguó)
• 中華 / 中华
• 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)
• 唐山 (Tángshān)
• 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
• 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
• 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
• 契弟 (qìdì) (Hong Kong, Internet slang, derogatory)
• 德祐 (Déyòu) (Myanmar)
• 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
• 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
• 牆國 / 墙国 (qiángguó) (Taiwan, derogatory, sarcastic)
• 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
• 祖國 / 祖国 (zǔguó)
• 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
• 種花家 / 种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
• 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
• 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
• 華 / 华 (abbreviation)
• 華夏 / 华夏 (Huáxià)
• 虫國 (chóngguó) (Hong Kong, offensive, Internet slang)
• 蚛蟈 / 蚛蝈 (Hong Kong, offensive, Internet slang)
• 諸夏 / 诸夏 (Zhūxià)
• 諸華 / 诸华 (Zhūhuá)
• 貴支 / 贵支 (guìzhī) (Mainland China, Internet slang, neologism, derogatory, sarcastic, offensive)
• 贏國 / 赢国 (Hong Kong, humorous, derogatory, sarcastic)
• 赤縣 / 赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
• 赤縣神州 / 赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
• 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)

Derived terms

• 強國人 / 强国人 (qiángguórén)

Verb

強國

1. to make one's country more powerful

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (強國):

• → Japanese: 強国(きょうこく) (kyōkoku)
• → Korean: 강국(強國) (gangguk)
• → Vietnamese: cường quốc (強國)