noceo

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *nokeō, from earlier *nokejō, from Proto-Indo-European *noḱé-ye-ti, causative of the root *neḱ- (“perish, disappear”). Cognate with Sanskrit नश्यति (naśyati, “disappear, perish”).

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈno.ke.oː/, [ˈnɔkeoː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈno.t͡ʃe.o/, [ˈnɔːt͡ʃeo]

Verb

noceō (present infinitive nocēre, perfect active nocuī, supine nocitum); second conjugation

(with dative) to injure, do harm to, hurt, damage
Synonyms: feriō, vulnerō, secō, īnfestō, laedō
- c. 50 BCE, Publilius Syrus, Sententiae :
  Bonīs nocet quisquis pepercit malīs.
  He does harm to the good, whoever has been lenient to the bad

Usage notes

The injury caused may be physical or emotional.

Conjugation

In practice, the only passive forms met with in Latin are the third-person singular forms.

Conjugation of noceō (second conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	noceō	nocēs		nocet	nocēmus	nocētis		nocent
	imperfect	nocēbam	nocēbās		nocēbat	nocēbāmus	nocēbātis		nocēbant
	future	nocēbō	nocēbis		nocēbit	nocēbimus	nocēbitis		nocēbunt
	perfect	nocuī	nocuistī		nocuit	nocuimus	nocuistis		nocuērunt, nocuēre
	pluperfect	nocueram	nocuerās		nocuerat	nocuerāmus	nocuerātis		nocuerant
	future perfect	nocuerō	nocueris		nocuerit	nocuerimus	nocueritis		nocuerint
	sigmatic future¹	noxō	noxis		noxit	noximus	noxitis		noxint
passive	present	noceor	nocēris, nocēre		nocētur	nocēmur	nocēminī		nocentur
	imperfect	nocēbar	nocēbāris, nocēbāre		nocēbātur	nocēbāmur	nocēbāminī		nocēbantur
	future	nocēbor	nocēberis, nocēbere		nocēbitur	nocēbimur	nocēbiminī		nocēbuntur
	perfect	nocitus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	nocitus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	nocitus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	noceam	noceās		noceat	noceāmus	noceātis		noceant
	imperfect	nocērem	nocērēs		nocēret	nocērēmus	nocērētis		nocērent
	perfect	nocuerim	nocuerīs		nocuerit	nocuerīmus	nocuerītis		nocuerint
	pluperfect	nocuissem	nocuissēs		nocuisset	nocuissēmus	nocuissētis		nocuissent
	sigmatic aorist¹	noxim	noxīs		noxīt, noxsīt	noxīmus	noxītis		noxint
passive	present	nocear	noceāris, noceāre		noceātur	noceāmur	noceāminī		noceantur
	imperfect	nocērer	nocērēris, nocērēre		nocērētur	nocērēmur	nocērēminī		nocērentur
	perfect	nocitus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	nocitus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	nocē		—	—	nocēte		—
active	future	—	nocētō		nocētō	—	nocētōte		nocentō
passive	present	—	nocēre		—	—	nocēminī		—
passive	future	—	nocētor		nocētor	—	—		nocentor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		nocēre		nocērī, nocērier²		nocēns		—
future		nocitūrum esse		nocitum īrī		nocitūrus		nocendus
perfect		nocuisse		nocitum esse		—		nocitus
future perfect		—		nocitum fore		—		—
perfect potential		nocitūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		nocendī	nocendō		nocendum	nocendō	nocitum		nocitū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Rhaeto-Romance:
- Friulian: nosê
- Romansch: noscher, nuschair
Gallo-Romance:
- Old French: nuisir
Ibero-Romance:
- Old Galician-Portuguese: nozer, nozir
  - Galician: nocer, nocir
- Old Spanish: nozir, nuzir

Reflexes of an assumed variant *nocĕre:^[1]

Insular Romance:
- Sardinian: nochere, noghere (Logudorese), noxiri (Campidanese)
Italo-Dalmatian:
- Italian: nuocere
- Sicilian: nòciri
- Old Venetan: nuosere
  - Venetan: nioser, nioxer
Gallo-Italic:
- Old Ligurian: noxer
- Old Lombard: noxer
  - Lombard: noeus
- Piedmontese: neuse, nonse, nosi
Gallo-Romance:
- Catalan: noure (obsolete)
- Franco-Provençal: nouêre
- French: nuire
- Occitan: noire, nòser

References

Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1985) “nucir”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), volume IV (Me–Re), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 243

^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “nŏcēre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 7: N–Pas, page 162