User:RcAlex36/Random
Chinese words that appear to have a default gender
[edit]Male
[edit]- (nose): 鼻哥 (Cantonese), 鼻公 (Cantonese, Hakka, Gan) (but suffix may instead be be derived from an Austro–Tai word for “head”)
- (knee): 膝頭哥/膝头哥 (Cantonese), 膝頭牯/膝头牯 (Cantonese, Gan, Hakka), 膝頭公/膝头公 (Gan) (but suffix may instead be be derived from an Austro–Tai word for “head”)
- (ear): 耳公 (Hakka)
- (thumb): 手指公, 手公 (Cantonese, Hakka), 掌頭公/掌头公 (Teochew), 大拇哥 (dàmǔgē) (Mandarin)
- (fist): 拳頭牯/拳头牯 (Hakka)
- (shrimp): 蝦公/虾公 (Cantonese, Hakka, Gan)
- (cat): 貓公/猫公 (Hakka)
- (ant): 蟻公/蚁公 (Hakka)
- (earthworm): 䘆公 (Hakka)
- (praying mantis): 豹虎哥, 老虎哥 (Hakka)
- (monkey): 猴哥 (Hakka)
- (snake): 蛇哥 (Hakka)
- (bowl): 碗公 (wǎngōng, “bowl”) (Hakka)
- (stone; rock): 石牯 (Hakka)
- (thunder): 雷公 (Cantonese, Hakka, Min Nan)
- (sun): 日頭公/日头公 (Min Nan), 日頭牯/日头牯 (Gan), 老爺兒/老爷儿 (lǎoyér), 日頭爺/日头爷 (rìtóuyé), 太陽爺/太阳爷 (tàiyángyé) (Mandarin), 陽婆爺/阳婆爷 (Jin) (hermaphrodite lol)
Female
[edit]- (fist): 拳頭母/拳头母 (Min), 拳頭嫲/拳头嫲 (Hakka)
- (palm): 巴掌嫲 (Hakka)
- (tongue): 舌嫲 (Hakka) (but may be etymologically unrelated if 嫲 is related to Proto-Kam-Sui *ma² (“tongue”))
- (louse): 蝨乸/虱乸 (Cantonese) 蝨嫲/虱嫲 (Hakka) 蝨母/虱母 (Min), 蝨婆/虱婆, 蝨婆子/虱婆子 (Xiang)
- (frog): 蛤乸 (Cantonese) (but may be etymologically unrelated if 乸 is related to Proto-Tai *naːᴬ (“paddy field”), c.f. 田雞)
- (leech): 蜞乸 (Cantonese)
- (eagle): 鷂婆/鹞婆 (Hakka)
- (bat): 密婆, 日婆, 夜婆, 月婆 (Min Nan), 蝠婆仔 (Hakka)
- (cockroach): 偷油婆 (tōuyóupó) (Mandarin, Xiang), 蚻母 (Min Dong)
- (ginger): 薑乸/姜乸 (Cantonese), 薑嫲/姜嫲 (Hakka), 薑母/姜母 (Min Nan)
- (Asian conical hat): 笠嫲 (Hakka)
- (knife): 刀嫲 (Hakka)
- (string; rope): 索嫲 (Hakka)
- (ladle): 勺嫲 (Hakka)
- (stone; rock): 石母 (cognate with 石部?) (Min Nan)
- (sun): 陽婆/阳婆 (Jin)
- (moon): 月娘 (Min Nan, Puxian Min), 月奶奶 (Mandarin)
Internal classification of 潮汕片
[edit]根據潘家懿, & 鄭守治. (2010). 粵東閩南語的分布及方言片的劃分. 臺灣語文研究, 5(1), 145-165.
潮汕話片(潮汕話)
[edit]- 汕頭小片:汕頭市(金平區、龍湖區、澄海區、南澳縣)、潮州市(湘橋區、潮安縣、饒平縣(中南部各鄉鎮))、揭陽市(榕城區、揭東縣、揭西縣(南部的棉湖、錢坑、鳳江3鎮))
- 潮普小片:汕頭市(濠江區、潮陽區、潮南區)、揭陽市(普寧市、惠來縣)、汕尾市陸豐(甲子、甲東和甲西3鎮)
- 甲子片:陸豐甲子、甲東、甲西
福佬話片(福佬話)
[edit]- 陸海小片:汕尾市城區、海豐縣和陸豐市(甲子等3鎮除外)
- 海城片:海豐海城、城東、梅隴、陶河、聯安、鮜門、赤石、可塘、赤坑
- 汕尾片:汕尾(馬宮、田墘、捷勝、東涌、紅草)、海豐大湖
- 公平片:海豐公平、附近鄉村的福佬話地區
- 東海片:陸豐東海、大安、金廂、城東、西南
- 碣石片:陸豐碣石、湖東
- 南塘片:陸豐南塘、博美、橋沖
- 潭西片:陸豐潭西、河西、上英、星都區
- 惠博小片:惠州市(惠城區、惠陽區、惠東縣)、博羅縣各閩語村鎮及閩客雙方言村鎮
Dragonfly
[edit]Mandarin:
- 螞螂/蚂螂 (mālang) = 螞/蚂 (mǎ, “prefix for animals”) + 螂 (lang) (< 蛉 (líng)?)
- 虰虰 (dīngdīng): reduplication like 蜻蜓 (qīngtíng)?
Southern dialects: ancestral language has *(n/tʰ/v/i)ɑŋ-(n/m)i? Is v- (黃) a Hakka innovation that made its way into Siyi Yue? (One can similarly argue tʰ- is a Yue innovation.)
- Cantonese 塘尾 (tong4 mei4-1) (Guangzhou)
- Taishanese 黃尾/黄尾 (vɔŋ²² mi³⁵)
- Hakka 囊蜺仔 (nong2 ni1 ê3) (Meixian), 黃蜺/黄蜺 (Pearl River Delta)
- Xiang 洋咪咪 (iæn¹³ mi³³ mi³) (Changsha)
- Min Nan 𧌄嬰/𧌄婴 (iân-mi) (Taipei Hokkien)
Min Nan: Hokkien 山蜊 (soaⁿ-lě), Teochew 𬠋𧌊 (sua1 me1) --> proto-Min Nan *suã (l/m)e? Is 田嬰/田婴 cognate with 蜻蜓 (qīngtíng)?
Min Bei: 刊魁 (kʰaŋ³³ kʰo⁵⁴) sounds like Fengkai (Nanfeng) Yue /kʰœŋ³³ kʰen⁵⁵/. A substrate word?
Compare: Zhuang biengzbeih (piːŋ˧˩ pei˧), Thai Nuea /mɛŋ² mi³/, Gelao /kɣən⁶/, Lingao /miŋ² dəi³/, Maonan /tɔŋ⁶ tin⁶/
Cantonese
[edit]廣府片
[edit]廣州、香港(市區)、香港(市區)、香港(新田)、香港(錦田)、澳門、番禺、花都、從化、增城、佛山、南海、順德、高明、中山、珠海、東莞、寶安、清遠、佛岡、英德、韶關、曲江、仁化、樂昌、高要、雲浮、新興、羅定、鬱南、梧州
四邑片
[edit]斗門、江門、新會、台山、開平、恩平、鶴山
勾漏片
[edit]陽山、連山、連州、廣寧、四會、德慶、封開(南豐)、懷集、玉林、蒙山(西河)、貴港(南江)、北流(唐僚)、博白、賀州(鋪門)
高陽片
[edit]陽江、信宜、茂名(新坡)、湛江、廉江
吳化片
[edit]吳川(吳陽)
邕潯片
[edit]南寧、桂平、百色、寧明、橫縣
欽廉片
[edit]合浦、欽州、靈山、浦北、北海
狗蝨、狗蟻
[edit]The 狗 in 狗蝨/狗虱 (“flea”) and 狗蟻/狗蚁 (“ant”) don't seem to mean anything. They appear to only be a k- prefix, found in some other animal names (e.g. 虼蚤 (gèzao, “flea”), 虼蚻 (“cockroach”)).
定母十二字
[edit]Character | Meaning | Middle Chinese | Min Nan | Min Dong | Puxian Min | Min Bei | Min Zhong | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xiamen | Shantou | Fuzhou | Fu'an | Putian | Jian'ou | Jianyang | Yong'an | |||
蹄 | hoof | dei | te2 | toi2 | te2 | tɛ2 | tɛ2 | tai5 | tai2 | te2 |
弟 | younger brother | deiX | te6 | ti6 | tiɛ6 | ti6 | ti6 | ti1 | tie5 | te4 |
豆 | bean | dəuH | tau6 | tau6 | tau6 | tau6 | tau6 | te6 | təu6 | tø5 |
斷 | to break off | duɑnX | tŋ̍6 | tɯŋ6 | touŋ6 | touŋ6 | tuaŋ6 | tɔŋ6 | tuŋ5 | tum4 |
啼 | to weep | dei | tʰe2 | tʰi2 | tʰie2 | tʰi2 | tʰi2 | tʰi5 | hie2 | tʰe2 |
糖 | sugar | dɑŋ | tʰŋ̍2 | tʰɯŋ2 | tʰouŋ2 | tʰɔuŋ2 | tʰuŋ2 | tʰɔŋ5 | hɔŋ2 | tʰɔm2 |
疊 | to stack up | dep | tʰaʔ8 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰaʔ8 | tʰɛik8 | tiaʔ8 | tʰa6 | ha8 | tʰɔ4 |
頭 | head | dəu | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰau2 | tʰe5 | həu2 | tʰø2 |
袋 | bag | dʌiH | ||||||||
脰 | neck | dəuH | ||||||||
毒 | poison | duok | ||||||||
銅 | copper | duŋ |
Character | Meaning | Middle Chinese | Mandarin | Cantonese | Hakka | Gan | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing | Guangzhou | Meixian | Changting | Nanchang | |||
蹄 | hoof | dei | |||||
弟 | younger brother | deiX | |||||
豆 | bean | dəuH | |||||
斷 | to break off | duɑnX | |||||
啼 | to weep | dei | |||||
糖 | sugar | dɑŋ | |||||
疊 | to stack up | dep | |||||
頭 | head | dəu | |||||
袋 | bag | dʌiH | |||||
脰 | neck | dəuH | |||||
毒 | poison | duok | |||||
銅 | copper | duŋ |
Butterfly
[edit]The words for "butterfly" in the southern China/southeast Asia look sort of similar:
Language | Form | Transcription |
---|---|---|
Cantonese | 崩砂 (bēngshā) | pɐŋ⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵ |
Vietnamese | bướm | ʔɓɨəm˧˦ |
Zhuang (Wuming) | mbaj | ɓa˥ |
Zhuang (Huanjiang) | mbungqmbaj | ɓuŋ⁵ ɓa³ |
Lao | ແມງກະເບື້ອ (mǣng ka bư̄a) | (mǣng ka bư̄a) |
Kam | ma³ | |
Gelao | wa³ | |
Sui | ʔba³ | |
ʔba³ ʔbi³ | ||
Maonan | buŋ⁴ ba⁴ |
Also, what is Hakka 揚蝶仔/扬蝶仔 (iɔŋ¹¹ iap̚⁵ pe³¹)?
蟬
[edit]In many southern dialects 蟬/蝉 ends in -m instead of the expected -n.