Appendix:Slovene nouns/first masculine declension

The first masculine declension follow all masculine nouns that have ending -a or -u in genitive singular and the word dȃn 'day'. Nouns can follow all four accentual patterns and some can change gender in plural.

Basic sample

There are two things that determine the endings of a noun: whether it is animate or animate, and whether it is a hard or soft stem. Animate nouns have ending -a in accusative singular, while inanimate have a null ending. Soft stems (those ending in /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /j/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, commonly written as ⟨č, dž, š, ž, j, c, dz⟩) have -e- in endings instead of -o-:

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	hotẹ̑l
gen. sing.	hotẹ̑la
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	hotẹ̑l	hotẹ̑la	hotẹ̑li
genitive rodȋlnik	hotẹ̑la	hotẹ̑lov	hotẹ̑lov
dative dajȃlnik	hotẹ̑lu, hotẹ̑li	hotẹ̑loma, hotẹ̑lama	hotẹ̑lom, hotẹ̑lam
accusative tožȋlnik	hotẹ̑l	hotẹ̑la	hotẹ̑le
locative mẹ̑stnik	hotẹ̑lu, hotẹ̑li	hotẹ̑lih, hotẹ̑lah	hotẹ̑lih, hotẹ̑lah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	hotẹ̑lom	hotẹ̑loma, hotẹ̑lama	hotẹ̑li
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	hotẹ̑l	hotẹ̑la	hotẹ̑li

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	izpuščȃj
gen. sing.	izpuščȃja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	izpuščȃj	izpuščȃja	izpuščȃji
genitive rodȋlnik	izpuščȃja	izpuščȃjev	izpuščȃjev
dative dajȃlnik	izpuščȃju, izpuščȃji	izpuščȃjema, izpuščȃjama	izpuščȃjem, izpuščȃjam
accusative tožȋlnik	izpuščȃj	izpuščȃja	izpuščȃje
locative mẹ̑stnik	izpuščȃju, izpuščȃji	izpuščȃjih, izpuščȃjah	izpuščȃjih, izpuščȃjah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	izpuščȃjem	izpuščȃjema, izpuščȃjama	izpuščȃji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	izpuščȃj	izpuščȃji	izpuščȃji

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	akrobȃt
gen. sing.	akrobȃta
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	akrobȃt	akrobȃta	akrobȃti
genitive rodȋlnik	akrobȃta	akrobȃtov	akrobȃtov
dative dajȃlnik	akrobȃtu, akrobȃti	akrobȃtoma, akrobȃtama	akrobȃtom, akrobȃtam
accusative tožȋlnik	akrobȃta	akrobȃta	akrobȃte
locative mẹ̑stnik	akrobȃtu, akrobȃti	akrobȃtih, akrobȃtah	akrobȃtih, akrobȃtah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	akrobȃtom	akrobȃtoma, akrobȃtama	akrobȃti
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	akrobȃt	akrobȃta	akrobȃti

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, animate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	ravnȃtelj
gen. sing.	ravnȃtelja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	ravnȃtelj	ravnȃtelja	ravnȃtelji
genitive rodȋlnik	ravnȃtelja	ravnȃteljev	ravnȃteljev
dative dajȃlnik	ravnȃtelju, ravnȃtelji	ravnȃteljema, ravnȃteljama	ravnȃteljem, ravnȃteljam
accusative tožȋlnik	ravnȃtelja	ravnȃtelja	ravnȃtelje
locative mẹ̑stnik	ravnȃtelju, ravnȃtelji	ravnȃteljih, ravnȃteljah	ravnȃteljih, ravnȃteljah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	ravnȃteljem	ravnȃteljema, ravnȃteljama	ravnȃtelji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	ravnȃtelj	ravnȃtelja	ravnȃtelji

Alterations

Note: the second form is, if not otherwise denoted, in genitive singular

• Nouns can have -j-, -t-, or -n- infix. If the infix is -j-, then it is automatically soft; in other two cases, it is hard. The infix is present in all forms, except in nominative and vocative singular, and accusative singular in inanimate nouns.

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, -j- infix
nom. sing.	tȃksi
gen. sing.	tȃksija
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	tȃksi	tȃksija	tȃksiji
genitive rodȋlnik	tȃksija	tȃksijev	tȃksijev
dative dajȃlnik	tȃksiju, tȃksiji	tȃksijema, tȃksijama	tȃksijem, tȃksijam
accusative tožȋlnik	tȃksi	tȃksija	tȃksije
locative mẹ̑stnik	tȃksiju, tȃksiji	tȃksijih, tȃksijah	tȃksijih, tȃksijah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	tȃksijem	tȃksijema, tȃksijama	tȃksiji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	tȃksi	tȃksija	tȃksiji

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -t- infix
nom. sing.	sȋnko
gen. sing.	sȋnkota
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	sȋnko	sȋnkota	sȋnkoti
genitive rodȋlnik	sȋnkota	sȋnkotov	sȋnkotov
dative dajȃlnik	sȋnkotu, sȋnkoti	sȋnkotoma, sȋnkotama	sȋnkotom, sȋnkotam
accusative tožȋlnik	sȋnkota	sȋnkota	sȋnkote
locative mẹ̑stnik	sȋnkotu, sȋnkoti	sȋnkotih, sȋnkotah	sȋnkotih, sȋnkotah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	sȋnkotom	sȋnkotoma, sȋnkotama	sȋnkoti
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	sȋnko	sȋnkota	sȋnkoti

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, -n- infix
nom. sing.	nágelj
gen. sing.	nágeljna
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	nágelj	nágeljna	nágeljni
genitive rodȋlnik	nágeljna	nāgeljnov	nāgeljnov
dative dajȃlnik	nágeljnu, nágeljni	nágeljnoma, nágeljnama	nágeljnom, nágeljnam
accusative tožȋlnik	nágelj	nágeljna	nágeljne
locative mẹ̑stnik	nágeljnu, nágeljni	nāgeljnih, nāgeljnah	nāgeljnih, nāgeljnah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	nágeljnom	nágeljnoma, nágeljnama	nāgeljni
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	nȃgelj	nȃgeljna	nȃgeljni

• A relatively small number of masculine nouns have a nominative and vocative (and accusative, if inanimate) singular an ending -a (slúga (mostly the nouns that can also follow second masculine declination) 'servant'), -e (finȃle 'final'), -o (Márko (a male name), or -u (Enẹ̑scu '(a name)'). Sometimes, but not always, the suffixes in Latin and Greek loanwords -as, -es, -is, -os, -us, and -um are considered an ending. Examples of this include Leonȋdas Leonȋda, Ȃvgijas Ȃvgija, Aristọ̄teles Aristọ̄tela, Juvenȃlis Juvenȃla, Arhȋlos Arhȋloha, Tȃcitus Tȃcita, and Tarẹ̑ntum Tarẹ̑nta. These suffixes can be omitted (Leonȋd, Aristọ̄tel, Juvenȃl etc.), but if one does so, the stems that end with a vowel must be lengthened with a j-, even in nominative case (Ȃvgij, Menelȃj, Lívij, etc.). The lengthening of the stem is also present in other cases if one does not decide to omit the suffix. Other times, the suffix is considered as a part of the stem, such as Rọ̑dos Rọ̑dosa, and some can be declined both ways, such as ọ̑bolos ọ̑bola/ọ̑bolosa and alpinẹ̑tum alpinẹ̑ta/alpinẹ̑tuma. Modern Greek names are considered not to have an ending in nominative (Makȃrios Makariosa).

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, ending -e in nominative singular
nom. sing.	finȃle
gen. sing.	finȃla
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	finȃle	finȃla	finȃli
genitive rodȋlnik	finȃla	finȃlov	finȃlov
dative dajȃlnik	finȃlu, finȃli	finȃloma, finȃlama	finȃlom, finȃlam
accusative tožȋlnik	finȃle	finȃla	finȃle
locative mẹ̑stnik	finȃlu, finȃli	finȃlih, finȃlah	finȃlih, finȃlah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	finȃlom	finȃloma, finȃlama	finȃli
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	finȃle	finȃla	finȃli

• The surname Nepos can have alternatively a stem Nepot- in other cases (Nẹ̑pos Nẹ̑pota).

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, stem change to nepot- in other cases (singularia tantum)
nom. sing.	Nẹ̑pos
gen. sing.	Nẹ̑pota
	singular
nominative imenovȃlnik	Nẹ̑pos
genitive rodȋlnik	Nẹ̑pota
dative dajȃlnik	Nẹ̑potu, Nẹ̑poti
accusative tožȋlnik	Nẹ̑pota
locative mẹ̑stnik	Nẹ̑potu, Nẹ̑poti
instrumental orọ̑dnik	Nẹ̑potom
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	Nẹ̑pos

• Some monosyllabic nouns with mixed accent have an -u ending in genitive singular, and accusative singular if animate (mọ̑st mostȗ 'bridge', rọ̑d rodȗ 'lineage') – remnants of u-stem declension.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate, -ov- infix) , long mixed accent, ending -u in genitive singular
nom. sing.	grȃd
gen. sing.	gradȗ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	gradȗ	gradóv	gradóv
dative dajȃlnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	gradȏvoma, gradȏvama	gradȏvom, gradȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	gradȏvih, gradȏvah	gradȏvih, gradȏvah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	grȃdom	gradȏvi, gradȏvama	gradȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi

• Many nouns have the stem shortened in cases where the ending is not a null ending (as it is nominative singular), mainly because they have a fill vowel, which is there to ease the pronunciacion. The change can be evident in writing, pronunciation, or both:
  • In writing, silent -e at the end of the stem is omitted in some loanwords Wilde /ˈʋâːjlt/ Wilda /ˈʋáːjldà/ and Laforgue /laˈfôːɾɡ/ Lafforgua /laˈfóːɾɡà/, but not in cases where that would affect the pronunciation of preceding letters, such as in Wallace /ˈwáːlə̀s///ˈʋáːlìs/ Wallacea /ˈʋáːlisà/ and George /ˈdʒôːɾdʒ/ Georgea /ˈdʒóːɾdʒà/, except if it is preventing the nasalisation of the consonant + m/n that precede it, such as Lamartine /lamaɾˈtîːn/ Lamartina /lamaɾˈtíːnà/. If e is followed by other letters, it is kept in all cases, whether it is pronounced or not (Holmes /xôːlms/ Holmesa /xóːlmsà/ and Jacques /ʒâːk/ Jacquesa /ʒáːkà/).
  • In pronunciation, when the sound is not written with an e or o, such as in žánr /ˈʒàːnə́ɾ/ žánra /ˈʒàːnɾá/ and fílm /ˈfìːlə́m/ or /ˈfìːlḿ̩/ fílma /ˈfìːlmá/.
  • In both when the sound is written by its own letter. This is usually (but not always) the case with /ə/, written with ⟨e⟩, e.g. pósəł pósla 'business' and séjəm séjma 'fair'. Sometimes, the fill vowels can also be /a/, /ɛ/ or /ɔ/. In loanwords from other Slavic languages, fill vowels are preserved if the removal would break other grammatical rules. Examples with fill vowel include Muromec Muromca, Dudok Dudka, Čapek Čapka, Kragujevac Kragujevca, and Zadar Zadra, but not Lev, because Lev Lva would violate other grammatical rules, so it is declined as Lev Leva. The omission of the sound is also present in some non-Slavic loanwords, such as München /ˈmýːnxə̀n/ or /ˈmíːŋxə̀n/ Münchna /ˈmíːŋxnà/, ráster rástra, but sometimes the sound is preserved in all cases, where it is transformed into /ɛ/ or /ɔ/, such as Ȃndersen Ȃndersena and Olafsson /ˈóːlafsɔ̀n/ Olafssona /ˈóːlafsɔnà/.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, loss of silent -e
nom. sing.	Wilde
gen. sing.	Wilda
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	Wilde	Wilda	Wildi
genitive rodȋlnik	Wilda	Wildov	Wildov
dative dajȃlnik	Wildu, Wildi	Wildoma, Wildama	Wildom, Wildam
accusative tožȋlnik	Wilda	Wilda	Wilde
locative mẹ̑stnik	Wildu, Wildi	Wildih, Wildah	Wildih, Wildah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	Wildom	Wildoma, Wildama	Wildi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	Wilde	Wilda	Wildi

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, loss of unwritten fill vowel
nom. sing.	fílm
gen. sing.	fílma
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	fílm	fílma	fílmi
genitive rodȋlnik	fílma	fīlmov	fīlmov
dative dajȃlnik	fílmu, fílmi	fílmoma, fílmama	fílmom, fílmam
accusative tožȋlnik	fílm	fílma	fílme
locative mẹ̑stnik	fílmu, fílmi	fīlmih, fīlmah	fīlmih, fīlmah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	fílmom	fílmoma, fílmama	fīlmi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	fȋlm	fȋlma	fȋlmi

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, loss of fill vowel
nom. sing.	séjəm
gen. sing.	séjma
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	séjəm	séjma	séjmi
genitive rodȋlnik	séjma	sējmov	sējmov
dative dajȃlnik	séjmu, séjmi	séjmoma, séjmama	séjmom, séjmam
accusative tožȋlnik	séjəm	séjma	séjme
locative mẹ̑stnik	séjmu, séjmi	sējmih, sējmah	sējmih, sējmah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	séjmom	séjmoma, séjmama	sējmi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	sȇjəm	sȇjma	sȇjmi

• If the word ends in -ł in nominative singular, it has in forms with ending other than null ending form -l-. In case -l- is followed by a fill vowel, it often (but not always) changes to -ł. Note that nouns, such as Dachau [ˈdáːxàw] follow the regular allophonic changes of phoneme /ʋ/, so genitive singular is Dachaua [ˈdáːxaʋà].

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	kȍł
gen. sing.	kóla
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	kȍł	kóla	kóli
genitive rodȋlnik	kóla	kōlov	kōlov
dative dajȃlnik	kólu, kóli	kóloma, kólama	kólom, kólam
accusative tožȋlnik	kȍł	kóla	kóle
locative mẹ̑stnik	kólu, kóli	kōlih, kōlah	kōlih, kōlah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	kólom	kóloma, kólama	kōli
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	kȍł	kōla	kȏli

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, change to ł
nom. sing.	kóləc
gen. sing.	kółca
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	kóləc	kółca	kółci
genitive rodȋlnik	kółca	kōłcev	kōłcev
dative dajȃlnik	kółcu, kółci	kółcema, kółcama	kółcem, kółcam
accusative tožȋlnik	kóləc	kółca	kółce
locative mẹ̑stnik	kółcu, kółci	kōłcih, kōłcah	kōłcih, kōłcah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	kółcem	kółcema, kółcama	kōłci
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	kȏləc	kȏłca	kȏłci

• Nouns ending in -io (such as rādio /ˈɾáːdijɔ///ˈɾàːdijɔ/ 'radio') usually follow the soft inflection pattern radio instrumental singular radiem, but can also in writing be written with hard endings. In pronunciation, these are always soft.

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, ending -o in nominative singular
nom. sing.	rādio
gen. sing.	rādia
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	rādio	rādia	rādii
genitive rodȋlnik	rādia	rādiev	rādiev
dative dajȃlnik	rādiu, rādii	rādiema, rādiama	rādiem, rādiam
accusative tožȋlnik	rādio	rādia	rādie
locative mẹ̑stnik	rādiu, rādii	rādiih, rādiah	rādiih, rādiah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	rādiem	rādiema, rādiama	rādii
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	rȃdio	rȃdia	rȃdii

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, ending -o in nominative singular, in pronunciation becomes soft
nom. sing.	rādio
gen. sing.	rādia
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	rādio	rādia	rādii
genitive rodȋlnik	rādia	rādiov	rādiov
dative dajȃlnik	rādiu, rādii	rādioma, rādiama	rādiom, rādiam
accusative tožȋlnik	rādio	rādia	rādie
locative mẹ̑stnik	rādiu, rādii	rādiih, rādiah	rādiih, rādiah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	rādiom	rādioma, rādiama	rādii
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	rȃdio	rȃdia	rȃdii

• Names ending in a vowel and consonant that is not pronounced are j-stem nouns, and can be written following hard or soft declension, but always pronounced as in soft declension. The added -j- is not written, only pronounced (Marat /maˈɾáː/ instrumental singular Maratom/Maratem /maˈɾáːjɛm/). Same happens to those ending in r and a silent consonant (Macquart /makˈáːɾ/ instrumental singular Macquartom/Macquartem /makˈáːɾjɛm/).

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, in pronunciation becomes soft with j-infix
nom. sing.	Macquart
gen. sing.	Macquarta
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	Macquart	Macquarta	Macquarti
genitive rodȋlnik	Macquarta	Macquartov	Macquartov
dative dajȃlnik	Macquartu, Macquarti	Macquartoma, Macquartama	Macquartom, Macquartam
accusative tožȋlnik	Macquarta	Macquarta	Macquarte
locative mẹ̑stnik	Macquartu, Macquarti	Macquartih, Macquartah	Macquartih, Macquartah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	Macquartom	Macquartoma, Macquartama	Macquarti
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	Macquart	Macquarta	Macquarti

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, in pronunciation gets j-infix
nom. sing.	Macquart
gen. sing.	Macquarta
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	Macquart	Macquarta	Macquarti
genitive rodȋlnik	Macquarta	Macquartev	Macquartev
dative dajȃlnik	Macquartu, Macquarti	Macquartema, Macquartama	Macquartem, Macquartam
accusative tožȋlnik	Macquarta	Macquarta	Macquarte
locative mẹ̑stnik	Macquartu, Macquarti	Macquartih, Macquartah	Macquartih, Macquartah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	Macquartem	Macquartema, Macquartama	Macquarti
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	Macquart	Macquarta	Macquarti

• Some nouns have the stem lengthened with -ov- in dual and plural, except in genitive case (for example grȃd nominative dual gradȏva 'castle', grȍb nominative dual grobȏva "grave"). These are usually monosyllabic nouns and their derivatives.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate, -ov- infix) , long mixed accent, ending -u in genitive singular
nom. sing.	grȃd
gen. sing.	gradȗ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	gradȗ	gradóv	gradóv
dative dajȃlnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	gradȏvoma, gradȏvama	gradȏvom, gradȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	grȃdu, grȃdi	gradȏvih, gradȏvah	gradȏvih, gradȏvah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	grȃdom	gradȏvi, gradȏvama	gradȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	grȃd	gradȏva	gradȏvi

• Some nouns have the ending -je in the nominative plural instead of -i. This is a remnant of the Common Slavic masculine i-stem inflection, which was mostly lost in Slovene except for this ending. For example: študȅnt 'student', nominative plural študéntje, gospọ̑d 'sir, lord', nominative plural gospọ̑dje, kmȅt 'farmer', nominative plural kmẹ́tje, etc. Usually, the regular form is also allowed, but rarely preferred.

In the past, the ending was more numerous and many words ending in /f/, /t/, /d/, /b/ had this ending, as well as nouns for inhabitants ending in -jan, e.g. vaščȁn, nominative plural vaščánje (nowadays vaščáni).

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, ending -je in nominative plural
nom. sing.	gospọ̑d
gen. sing.	gospọ̑da
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	gospọ̑d	gospọ̑da	gospọ̑dje
genitive rodȋlnik	gospọ̑da	gospọ̑dov	gospọ̑dov
dative dajȃlnik	gospọ̑du, gospọ̑di	gospọ̑doma, gospọ̑dama	gospọ̑dom, gospọ̑dam
accusative tožȋlnik	gospọ̑da	gospọ̑da	gospọ̑de
locative mẹ̑stnik	gospọ̑du, gospọ̑di	gospọ̑dih, gospọ̑dah	gospọ̑dih, gospọ̑dah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	gospọ̑dom	gospọ̑doma, gospọ̑dama	gospọ̑di
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	gospọ̑d	gospọ̑da	gospọ̑dje

• Some nouns have a null ending in genitive dual/plural (lȃs, genitive plural lás 'hair', zọ̑b genitive plural zọ́b 'tooth'). Some can be declined either way (vọ̑z, genitive plural vozóv/vọ́z).

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, no ending in genitive dual/plural
nom. sing.	vọ̑z
gen. sing.	vozȃ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	vọ̑z	vozȏva	vozȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	vozȃ	vọ́z	vọ́z
dative dajȃlnik	vọ̑zu, vọ̑zi	vozȏvoma, vozȏvama	vozȏvom, vozȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	vọ̑z	vozȏva	vozȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	vọ̑zu, vọ̑zi	vozȏvih, vozȏvah	vozȏvih, vozȏvah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	vọ̑zom	vozȏvoma, vozȏvama	vozȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	vọ̑z	vozȏva	vozȏvi

• Some nouns have special endings in the dual and plural:
  • Genitive dual/plural ending -í: ljudí
  • Dative plural ending -ẹ̑m: ljudẹ̑m, zobẹ̑m, lasẹ̑m etc.
  • Accusative plural ending -i: ljudȋ, dnȋ, vóli, darȋ, gọ̑sti/gostȋ (only in īti v gọ̑sti/gostȋ). Apart from the first two, they are very rare.
  • Locative plural ending -ẹ́h: ljudẹ́h, zobẹ́h, lasẹ́h etc.
  • Instrumental plural ending -mí: ljudmí, zobmí, lasmí etc.
  • Dative and instrumental dual ending -ẹ̑ma: možẹ̑ma, zobẹ̑ma, lasẹ̑ma etc.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	vȍł
gen. sing.	vôla
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	vȍł	vóla	vóli, volȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	vôla	vōlov, volóv	vōlov, volóv
dative dajȃlnik	vólu, vōlu,+ prep. vóli, vōli+ prep.	vóloma, vólama	vólom, volẹ̑m, vólam
accusative tožȋlnik	vóla	vóla	vóle, vóli
locative mẹ̑stnik	vōlu, vōli	vōlih, volẹ́h, vōlah	vōlih, volẹ́h, vōlah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	vólom	vóloma, vólama	vōli, volmí
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	vȍł	vȏla	vȏli, volȏvi

• Few nouns show the effects of the Slavic second palatalisation in some of the plural forms:
  • otrȍk: nominative plural otróci, locative dual/plural otrọ̄cih.
  • vȏlk: nominative plural volcjẹ̑. But this form is rare, the usual nominative plural is volkȏvi.
  • In the past, this alteration was common in some other words as well, such as those ending in -k to palatalize to -c, e.g. voják, nominative plural vojáci (nowadays vojáki), those ending in -g to palatalize to -z, e.g. rọ̑g, nominative plural rọ̑zi (nowadays rogȏvi) and those ending in -h to palatalize to -s, e.g. Vlȃh, nominative plural Vlȃsi (nowadays Vlȃhi)

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, showing signs of Slavic second palatalization, forms with close-mid vowel
nom. sing.	otrȍk
gen. sing.	otróka
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	otrȍk	otróka	otróci, otróki
genitive rodȋlnik	otróka	otrọ́k	otrọ́k
dative dajȃlnik	otróku, otrōku,+ prep, otrọ̑ku,+ prep. otróki, otrōki,+ prep, otrọ̑ki+ prep.	otrókoma, otrókama	otrókom, otrókam
accusative tožȋlnik	otróka	otróka	otróke
locative mẹ̑stnik	otrōku, otrọ̑ku, otrōki, otrọ̑ki	otrọ̄cih, otrōcih, otrọ̄kih, otrōkih	otrọ̄cih, otrōcih, otrọ̄kih, otrōkih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	otrókom	otrókoma, otrókama	otrọ́ki, otrōki, otrọ́ci, otrōci
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	otrȍk	otrȏka	otrȏci, otrȏki

• Some rare nouns have vocative singular ending -e. In such cases, first palatalization occurs, i.e. -k is palatalized to -č, -g is palatalized to -ž, and -h is palatalized to -š. The only case with palatalization in SSKJ is bọ̑g vocative singular bọ̑že.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate, -ov- infix) , long mixed accent
nom. sing.	bọ̑g
gen. sing.	bogȃ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	bọ̑g	bogȏva, bogȃ	bogȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	bogȃ	bogóv	bogóv
dative dajȃlnik	bọ̑gu, bọ̑gi, bogȗ	bogȏvoma, bogȏvama	bogȏvom, bọ̑gȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	bogȃ	bogȏva, bogȃ	bogȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	bọ̑gu, bọ̑gi	bogȏvih	bogȏvih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	bọ̑gom	bogȏvoma, bogȏvama	bogȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	bọ̑g, bọ̑že	bogȏva, bogȃ	bogȏvi

• Many forms of the noun dȃn 'day' have two stems, a shorter one with only the consonants dn-, and a longer one dnẹ̑v-. The longer stem declines as a regular o-stem, while the shorter one has a unique set of endings not shared with any other noun. The formal, most common declension, is a mix of both:

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, showing forms of former n-stem declension
nom. sing.	dȃn
gen. sing.	dnẹ̑va, dnẹ̑
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	dȃn	dnẹ̑va, dnȋ	dnẹ̑vi, dnȋ
genitive rodȋlnik	dnẹ̑va, dnẹ̑	dní, dnẹ̑vov	dní, dnẹ̑vov
dative dajȃlnik	dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vi	dnẹ̑ma, dnẹ̑voma, dnẹ̑vama	dnẹ̑m, dnẹ̑vom, dnẹ̑vam
accusative tožȋlnik	dȃn	dnẹ̑va, dnȋ	dnẹ̑ve, dnȋ
locative mẹ̑stnik	dnẹ̑vu, dnẹ̑vi	dnẹ́h, dnẹ̑vih, dnẹ̑vah	dnẹ́h, dnẹ̑vih, dnẹ̑vah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	dnẹ̑vom, dnẹ̑m	dnẹ̑ma, dnẹ̑voma, dnẹ̑vama	dnẹ̑vi dnẹ̑mi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	dȃn	dnẹ̑va, dnȋ	dnẹ̑vi, dnȋ

• The masculine noun člóvek 'human, person' is suppletive. In the plural, the stem ljud- is used, which follows the mobile-accent o-stem declension:

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , mobile accent, stem ljud- in plural
nom. sing.	člóvek
gen. sing.	človẹ́ka
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	člóvek	človẹ́ka	ljudjẹ̑
genitive rodȋlnik	človẹ́ka	ljudí	ljudí
dative dajȃlnik	človẹ́ku, človẹ́ki	človẹ́koma	ljudẹ̑m
accusative tožȋlnik	človẹ́ka	človẹ́ka	ljudȋ
locative mẹ̑stnik	človẹ́ku, človẹ́ki	ljudẹ́h	ljudẹ́h
instrumental orọ̑dnik	človẹ́kom	človẹ́koma	ljudmí
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	člȏvek	človẹ̑ka	ljudjẹ̑

Common colloquial or archaic additional forms

• In the 19th century the ending -i was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of -u. This form was already included in the examples above.
• In the 18th century the endings -ama, -am, and -ah were more common; nowadays they are purely dialectal. These forms are also already included.
• All nowadays soft stems were up to 19th century declined as hard and that also holds true for many dialects.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	izpuščȃj
gen. sing.	izpuščȃja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	izpuščȃj	izpuščȃja	izpuščȃji
genitive rodȋlnik	izpuščȃja	izpuščȃjov	izpuščȃjov
dative dajȃlnik	izpuščȃju, izpuščȃji	izpuščȃjoma, izpuščȃjama	izpuščȃjom, izpuščȃjam
accusative tožȋlnik	izpuščȃj	izpuščȃja	izpuščȃje
locative mẹ̑stnik	izpuščȃju, izpuščȃji	izpuščȃjih, izpuščȃjah	izpuščȃjih, izpuščȃjah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	izpuščȃjom	izpuščȃjoma, izpuščȃjama	izpuščȃji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	izpuščȃj	izpuščȃji	izpuščȃji

• A lot of nouns with nominative singular ending -a or -o are colloquially declined as that is part of the stem with -t- (usually, sometimes -a- changes to -e-) or -n- (Carinthian dialects) infix.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -t- infix
nom. sing.	Lúka
gen. sing.	Lúkata
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	Lúka	Lúkata	Lúkati
genitive rodȋlnik	Lúkata	Lūkatov	Lūkatov
dative dajȃlnik	Lúkatu, Lúkati	Lúkatoma, Lúkatama	Lúkatom, Lúkatam
accusative tožȋlnik	Lúkata	Lúkata	Lúkate
locative mẹ̑stnik	Lúkatu, Lúkati	Lūkatih, Lūkatah	Lūkatih, Lūkatah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	Lúkatom	Lúkatoma, Lúkatama	Lūkati
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	Lȗka	Lȗkata	Lȗkati

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -t- infix, change of -a to -e
nom. sing.	Lúka
gen. sing.	Lúketa
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	Lúka	Lúketa	Lúketi
genitive rodȋlnik	Lúketa	Lūketov	Lūketov
dative dajȃlnik	Lúkatu, Lúkati	Lúketoma, Lúkatama	Lúketom, Lúkatam
accusative tožȋlnik	Lúketa	Lúketa	Lúkete
locative mẹ̑stnik	Lúkatu, Lúkati	Lūkatih, Lūkatah	Lūkatih, Lūkatah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	Lúketom	Lúketoma, Lúkatama	Lūketi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	Lȗka	Lȗketa	Lȗketi

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -n- infix
nom. sing.	Lúka
gen. sing.	Lúkana
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	Lúka	Lúkana	Lúkani
genitive rodȋlnik	Lúkana	Lūkanov	Lūkanov
dative dajȃlnik	Lúkatu, Lúkati	Lúkanoma, Lúkatama	Lúkanom, Lúkatam
accusative tožȋlnik	Lúkana	Lúkana	Lúkane
locative mẹ̑stnik	Lúkatu, Lúkati	Lūkatih, Lūkatah	Lūkatih, Lūkatah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	Lúkanom	Lúkanoma, Lúkatama	Lūkani
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	Lȗka	Lȗkana	Lȗkani

Fixed accent nouns

Fixed accent nouns are the simplest; however, they still have some alterations.

Long vowel in nominative singular

• If the vowel is circumflex, then it is like that through the whole paradigm.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	hotẹ̑l
gen. sing.	hotẹ̑la
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	hotẹ̑l	hotẹ̑la	hotẹ̑li
genitive rodȋlnik	hotẹ̑la	hotẹ̑lov	hotẹ̑lov
dative dajȃlnik	hotẹ̑lu, hotẹ̑li	hotẹ̑loma, hotẹ̑lama	hotẹ̑lom, hotẹ̑lam
accusative tožȋlnik	hotẹ̑l	hotẹ̑la	hotẹ̑le
locative mẹ̑stnik	hotẹ̑lu, hotẹ̑li	hotẹ̑lih, hotẹ̑lah	hotẹ̑lih, hotẹ̑lah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	hotẹ̑lom	hotẹ̑loma, hotẹ̑lama	hotẹ̑li
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	hotẹ̑l	hotẹ̑la	hotẹ̑li

• If the vowel is acute, then it can bear any tone in locative dual/plural, genitive dual/plural and instrumental plural. Vocative is circumflex. Common prepositional phrases with derived meanings from accusative or locative plural are cirumflex, e.g. īti v hrȋbe 'hike'.

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, animate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	kováč
gen. sing.	kováča
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	kováč	kováča	kováči
genitive rodȋlnik	kováča	kovāčev	kovāčev
dative dajȃlnik	kováču, kováči	kováčema, kováčama	kováčem, kováčam
accusative tožȋlnik	kováča	kováča	kováče
locative mẹ̑stnik	kováču, kováči	kovāčih, kovāčah	kovāčih, kovāčah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	kováčem	kováčema, kováčama	kovāči
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	kovȃč	kovȃča	kovȃči

• Some mixed accent nouns with null genitive dual/plural ending can also be accented always on the stem. The plural forms are in these cases acute, except in vocative.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	lȃs
gen. sing.	lȃsu
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	lȃs	lȃsa	lási
genitive rodȋlnik	lȃsu	lás	lás
dative dajȃlnik	lȃsu, lȃsi	lásoma	lásom
accusative tožȋlnik	lȃs	lȃsa	láse
locative mẹ̑stnik	lȃsu, lȃsi	lásih	lásih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	lȃsom	lásoma	lási
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	lȃs	lȃsa	lȃsi

Short vowel in nominative singular with lengthening in other forms

• Some nouns can be circumflex throughout the whole paradigm and can usually bear both tones in other forms.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	bȍs
gen. sing.	bȏsa
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	bȍs	bȏsa	bȏsi
genitive rodȋlnik	bȏsa	bȏsov	bȏsov
dative dajȃlnik	bȏsu, bȏsi	bȏsoma, bȏsama	bȏsom, bȏsam
accusative tožȋlnik	bȏsa	bȏsa	bȏse
locative mẹ̑stnik	bȏsu, bȏsi	bȏsih, bȏsah	bȏsih, bȏsah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	bȏsom	bȏsoma, bȏsama	bȏsi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	bȍs	bȏsa	bȏsi

• More commonly these nouns have acute in forms with long vowel. These can bear any tone in dative singular if preceded by a preposition, locative singular, genitive dual/plural, locative dual/plural and instrumental plural. Vocative is circumflex. Common prepositional phrases with derived meanings from accusative or locative plural are cirumflex, e.g. bīti na kmẹ̑tih 'be in the countryside', īti na kmẹ̑te 'go to the coutryside'.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	krȕh
gen. sing.	krúha
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	krȕh	krúha	krúhi
genitive rodȋlnik	krúha	krūhov	krūhov
dative dajȃlnik	krúhu, krūhu,+ prep. krúhi, krūhi+ prep.	krúhoma, krúhama	krúhom, krúham
accusative tožȋlnik	krȕh	krúha	krúhe
locative mẹ̑stnik	krūhu, krūhi	krūhih, krūhah	krūhih, krūhah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	krúhom	krúhoma, krúhama	krūhi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	krȕh	krȗha	krȗhi

• Nouns with accented /ɛ/, /ɔ/ can also turn into /e/, /o/. This used to be common in the past, but more and more nouns retain the open-mid pronunciation throughout. SSKJ and SP allow that in some nouns and not in others, but nowadays more nouns have open-mid pronunciation than what is shown there. Accentually, accents follow the same paradigm.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, change to close-mid vowel
nom. sing.	kmȅt
gen. sing.	kmẹ́ta
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	kmȅt	kmẹ́ta	kmẹ́tje, kmẹ́ti
genitive rodȋlnik	kmẹ́ta	kmẹ̄tov	kmẹ̄tov
dative dajȃlnik	kmẹ́tu, kmẹ̄tu,+ prep. kmẹ́ti, kmẹ̄ti+ prep.	kmẹ́toma, kmẹ́tama	kmẹ́tom, kmẹ́tam
accusative tožȋlnik	kmẹ́ta	kmẹ́ta	kmẹ́te
locative mẹ̑stnik	kmẹ̄tu, kmẹ̄ti	kmẹ̄tih, kmẹ̄tah	kmẹ̄tih, kmẹ̄tah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	kmẹ́tom	kmẹ́toma, kmẹ́tama	kmẹ̄ti
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	kmȅt	kmẹ̑ta	kmẹ̑tje, kmẹ̑ti

• Some nouns, such as stȍł, otrȍk and kȍnj change open-mid vowels to close-mid more irregularly; the change can occur (but is usually optional if not archaic) in dative singular when preceded by a preposition, locative singular, genitive dual/plural if having null ending, locative dual/plural and instrumental plural. For each word, these forms have become obsolete or archaic to varying degrees. There are two types; if it can have a null ending in genitive dual/plural and hence a close-mid form in that case, then it follow the pattern of kȍnj; if not, it follows the pattern of stȍl. The close-mid forms are circumflex in dative and locative singular, and in stol-type also in locative dual/plural. In konj-type they instead allow both tones in locative dual/plural. Genitive dual/plural and instrumental plural are acute.

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, forms with close-mid vowel
nom. sing.	kȍnj
gen. sing.	kónja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	kȍnj	kónja	kónji
genitive rodȋlnik	kónja	kọ́nj, kōnjev	kọ́nj, kōnjev
dative dajȃlnik	kónju, kōnju,+ prep. kọ̑nju,+ prep. kónji, kōnji,+ prep. kọ̑nji+ prep.	kónjema, kónjama	kónjem, kónjam
accusative tožȋlnik	kónja	kónja	kónje
locative mẹ̑stnik	kōnju, kọ̑nju kōnji, kọ̑nji	kōnjih, kọ̄njih	kōnjih, kọ̄njih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	kónjem	kónjema, kónjama	kōnji kọ́nji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	kȍnj	kȏnja	kȏnji

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, forms with close-mid vowel
nom. sing.	stȍł
gen. sing.	stóla
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	stȍł	stóla	stóli
genitive rodȋlnik	stóla	stōlov	stōlov
dative dajȃlnik	stólu, stōlu,+ prep. stọ̑lu,+ prep. stóli, stōli,+ prep. stọ̑li+ prep.	stóloma, stólama	stólom, stólam
accusative tožȋlnik	stȍł	stóla	stóle
locative mẹ̑stnik	stōlu, stọ̑lu stōli, stọ̑li	stōlih, stọ̑lih	stōlih, stọ̑lih
instrumental orọ̑dnik	stólom	stóloma, stólama	stōli, stọ́li
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	stȍł	stȏla	stȏli

Short vowel in nominative singular without lengthening

This only occurs with /ə/. It follows same tonal patterns as other vowels, only that it is short. Note that if it is not written and the diacritic is placed on a sonorant (almost always ⟨r⟩), the long diacritics are used, e.g. pȓst /ˈpəɾst/.

• It can always bear circumflex accent.

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, animate) , fixed accent, -j- infix
nom. sing.	də̏skar
gen. sing.	də̏skarja
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	də̏skar	də̏skarja	də̏skarji
genitive rodȋlnik	də̏skarja	də̏skarjev	də̏skarjev
dative dajȃlnik	də̏skarju, də̏skarji	də̏skarjema, də̏skarjama	də̏skarjem, də̏skarjam
accusative tožȋlnik	də̏skarja	də̏skarja	də̏skarje
locative mẹ̑stnik	də̏skarju, də̏skarji	də̏skarjih, də̏skarjah	də̏skarjih, də̏skarjah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	də̏skarjem	də̏skarjema, də̏skarjama	də̏skarji
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	də̏skar	də̏skarja	də̏skarji

• Some nouns have acute accent. Those follow the same changes as kováč-type nouns.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, loss of fill vowel
nom. sing.	stə̀bər
gen. sing.	stə̀bra
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	stə̀bər	stə̀bra	stə̀bri
genitive rodȋlnik	stə̀bra	stə̄brov	stə̄brov
dative dajȃlnik	stə̀bru, stə̀bri	stə̀broma, stə̀brama	stə̀brom, stə̀bram
accusative tožȋlnik	stə̀bər	stə̀bra	stə̀bre
locative mẹ̑stnik	stə̀bru, stə̀bri	stə̄brih, stə̄brah	stə̄brih, stə̄brah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	stə̀brom	stə̀broma, stə̀brama	stə̄bri
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	stə̏bər	stə̏bra	stə̏bri

• They can also be circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular. These follow the same changes as kruh-type nouns.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent
nom. sing.	ščə̏p
gen. sing.	ščə̀pa
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	ščə̏p	ščə̀pa	ščə̀pi
genitive rodȋlnik	ščə̀pa	ščə̄pov	ščə̄pov
dative dajȃlnik	ščə̀pu, ščə̄pu,+ prep. ščə̀pi, ščə̄pi+ prep.	ščə̀poma, ščə̀pama	ščə̀pom, ščə̀pam
accusative tožȋlnik	ščə̏p	ščə̀pa	ščə̀pe
locative mẹ̑stnik	ščə̄pu, ščə̄pi	ščə̄pih, ščə̄pah	ščə̄pih, ščə̄pah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	ščə̀pom	ščə̀poma, ščə̀pama	ščə̄pi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	ščə̏p	ščə̏pa	ščə̏pi

Irregular changes

• Some nouns, such as dọ̑m, grȍb and vẹ́tər have fixed accent in singular, but the -ov- infix causes the shift oof accent in dual and plural. Additionally, some nouns also have a special open-mid form in dative and locative singular.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, shift of accent in dual and plural
nom. sing.	dọ̑m
gen. sing.	dọ̑ma
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	dọ̑m	domȏva	domȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	dọ̑ma	domóv	domóv
dative dajȃlnik	dọ̑mu, dómu,+ prep. dọ̑mi, dómi+ prep.	domȏvoma, domȏvama	domȏvom, domȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	dọ̑m	domȏva	domȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	dọ̑mu, dómu, dọ̑mi, dómi	domȏvih, domȏvah	domȏvih, domȏvah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	dọ̑mom	domȏvi, domȏvama	domȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	dọ̑m	domȏva	domȏvi

• Noun okȍv has irregular endings.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, irregular accent
nom. sing.	okȍv
gen. sing.	okōva
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	okȍv	okȏva	okȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	okōva	okóv	okóv
dative dajȃlnik	okóvu, okóvi	okȏvoma, okȏvama	okȏvom, okȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	okȍv	okȏva	okȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	okóvu, okóvi	okȏvih, okȏvah	okȏvih, okȏvah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	okōvom	okȏvi, okȏvama	okȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	okȍv	okȏva	okȏvi

• Noun dȃn also has irregular accent changes; see above.

Mobile accent

Mobile accent bear nouns that alter the placement of the accent on different syllables of the stem. The accent falls on the former syllable in cases with null ending (nominative and vocative singular and accusative singular of inanimate), except in genitive dual/plural (very rarely, e.g. strémen, obsolete genitive dual/plural form stremẹ́n) and on the latter in all other forms. Accented /e/, /o/ are if on the former syllable usually open-mid and if on the latter syllable usually close-mid, but there are exceptions, e.g. trẹ́buh trebúha and sókol sokóla.

• Circumflex nouns are very rare, but bear the same tone in all cases.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , mobile accent
nom. sing.	dȗal
gen. sing.	duȃla
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	dȗal	duȃla	duȃli
genitive rodȋlnik	duȃla	duȃlov	duȃlov
dative dajȃlnik	duȃlu, duȃli	duȃloma, duȃlama	duȃlom, duȃlam
accusative tožȋlnik	dȗal	duȃla	duȃle
locative mẹ̑stnik	duȃlu, duȃli	duȃlih, duȃlah	duȃlih, duȃlah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	duȃlom	duȃloma, duȃlama	duȃli
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	dȗal	duȃla	duȃli

• Much more common acute nouns can bear any accent in dative singular if preceded by a preposition, locative singular, genitive dual/plural, locative dual/plural and instrumental plural. Vocative is circumflex.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , mobile accent
nom. sing.	žélod
gen. sing.	želọ́da
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	žélod	želọ́da	želọ́di
genitive rodȋlnik	želọ́da	želọ̄dov	želọ̄dov
dative dajȃlnik	želọ́du, želọ̄du,+ prep. želọ́di, želọ̄di+ prep.	želọ́doma, želọ́dama	želọ́dom, želọ́dam
accusative tožȋlnik	žélod	želọ́da	želọ́de
locative mẹ̑stnik	želọ̄du, želọ̄di	želọ̄dih, želọ̄dah	želọ̄dih, želọ̄dah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	želọ́dom	želọ́doma, želọ́dama	želọ̄di
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	žȇlod	želọ̑da	želọ̑di

Ending accent

Some nouns have accent on the endings in most cases. This type is archaic in most nouns and is often commonly replaced with fixed accent, except if the stem only has a fill vowel. There is accentual difference between soft and hard declension; in genitive dual/plural, endings -ȍv and -óv can occur while only the soft ending -ȅv is present as per SSKJ.

Nouns with only fill vowel in the stem

These nouns are only short circumflex, but can also be long acute in genitive dual/plural if following hard declension, in locative dual/plural on ending -ẹ́h, and in dative and instrumental dual if accented on the penultimate syllable. Except for the latter two cases, the accent falls on the last syllable.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , short ending accent
nom. sing.	pə̏s
gen. sing.	psȁ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	pə̏s	psȁ	psȉ
genitive rodȋlnik	psȁ	psȍv, psóv	psȍv, psóv
dative dajȃlnik	psȕ, psȉ	psóma, psomȁ	psȍm
accusative tožȋlnik	psȁ	psȁ	psȅ
locative mẹ̑stnik	psȕ, psȉ	psȉh, psẹ́h	psȉh, psẹ́h
instrumental orọ̑dnik	psȍm	psóma, psomȁ	psȉ
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	pə̏s	psȁ	psȉ

Nouns with /ə/ in the stem

They have short acute accent on the stem in dative and instrumental dual along with less common accent on the ending. In other cases, they follow the same pattern as those with only fill vowel. Note that if it is not written and the diacritic is placed on a sonorant (⟨r⟩), the long diacritics are used, e.g. hrbȅt dative/instrumental dual hŕbtoma /ˈxəɾptɔma/.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , short ending accent
nom. sing.	bə̏t
gen. sing.	bətȁ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	bə̏t	bətȁ	bətȉ
genitive rodȋlnik	bətȁ	bətȍv, bətóv	bətȍv, bətóv
dative dajȃlnik	bətȕ, bətȉ	bə̀toma, bətomȁ	bətȍm
accusative tožȋlnik	bə̏t	bətȁ	bətȅ
locative mẹ̑stnik	bətȕ, bətȉ	bətȉh, bətẹ́h	bətȉh, bətẹ́h
instrumental orọ̑dnik	bətȍm	bə̀toma, bətomȁ	bətȉ
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	bə̏t	bətȁ	bətȉ

• Soft stems only differ in genitive dual/plural, only having short accent.

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , short ending accent
nom. sing.	žəbə̏lj
gen. sing.	žəbljȁ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	žəbə̏lj	žəbljȁ	žəbljȉ
genitive rodȋlnik	žəbljȁ	žəbljȅv	žəbljȅv
dative dajȃlnik	žəbljȕ, žəbljȉ	žə̀bljema, žəbljemȁ	žəbljȅm
accusative tožȋlnik	žəbə̏lj	žəbljȁ	žəbljȅ
locative mẹ̑stnik	žəbljȕ, žəbljȉ	žəbljȉh, žəbljẹ́h	žəbljȉh, žəbljẹ́h
instrumental orọ̑dnik	žəbljȅm	žə̀bljema, žəbljemȁ	žəbljȉ
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	žəbə̏lj	žəbljȁ	žəbljȉ

Nouns with other vowels in the stem

These nouns in the dative/instrumental dual bear long acute accent on the the stem; in case of mid vowels, they are open-mid. For all of these nouns, the declension should be marked as obsolete, having been replaced with fixed accent. Other cases are the same as for other nouns with ending accent.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , short ending accent
nom. sing.	čopə̏k
gen. sing.	čopkȁ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	čopə̏k	čopkȁ	čopkȉ
genitive rodȋlnik	čopkȁ	čopkȍv, čopkóv	čopkȍv, čopkóv
dative dajȃlnik	čopkȕ, čopkȉ	čópkoma, čopkomȁ	čopkȍm
accusative tožȋlnik	čopə̏k	čopkȁ	čopkȅ
locative mẹ̑stnik	čopkȕ, čopkȉ	čopkȉh, čopkẹ́h	čopkȉh, čopkẹ́h
instrumental orọ̑dnik	čopkȍm	čópkoma, čopkomȁ	čopkȉ
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	čopə̏k	čopkȁ	čopkȉ

• Soft stems only differ in genitive dual/plural, only having short accent.

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, animate) , short ending accent
nom. sing.	kupə̏c
gen. sing.	kupcȁ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	kupə̏c	kupcȁ	kupcȉ
genitive rodȋlnik	kupcȁ	kupcȅv	kupcȅv
dative dajȃlnik	kupcȕ, kupcȉ	kúpcema, kupcemȁ	kupcȅm
accusative tožȋlnik	kupcȁ	kupcȁ	kupcȅ
locative mẹ̑stnik	kupcȕ, kupcȉ	kupcȉh, kupcẹ́h	kupcȉh, kupcẹ́h
instrumental orọ̑dnik	kupcȅm	kúpcema, kupcemȁ	kupcȉ
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	kupə̏c	kupcȁ	kupcȉ

Mixed accent

Mixed accent is a descendant of Proto-Slavic accent type c and is the most complex of all accent types. There are two subtypes, depending on whether the noun bears the -ov infix in the plural. This accent usually have monosyllabic nouns and their derivatives; all nouns with genitive singular ending -u have mixed accent.

• Nouns or only forms of a noun that have the -ov- infix in the dual and plural are always long circumflex, except in genitive dual/plural, where it is long acute. The accent is in the singular on the stem, except always in genitive and in accusative if animate. In the dual and plural, the accent falls on the infix.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, animate) , long mixed accent
nom. sing.	dȗh
gen. sing.	duhȃ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	dȗh	duhȏva	duhȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	duhȃ	duhóv	duhóv
dative dajȃlnik	dȗhu, dȗhi	duhȏvoma, duhȏvama	duhȏvom, duhȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	duhȃ	duhȏva	duhȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	dȗhu, dȗhi	duhȏvih, duhȏvah	duhȏvih, duhȏvah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	dȗhom	duhȏvi, duhȏvama	duhȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	dȗh	duhȏva	duhȏvi

• Nouns or only forms of a noun that do not have the infix in the dual and plural are more diverse. These nouns have special ending in the plural (see above). Accent is on the stem in the singular, except always in genitive and in accusative if animate, and in genitive dual/plural if they have null ending, elsewhere it is on the first syllable of the ending. Most forms are circumflex, except in genitive dual/plural (regardless of the ending), locative plural and instrumental plural, where it is long acute. It can happen that some dual and plural forms also have accent placed as in fixed accent; see the fixed accent.

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, animate) , long mixed accent
nom. sing.	mọ̑ž
gen. sing.	možȃ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	mọ̑ž	možȃ	možjẹ̑
genitive rodȋlnik	možȃ	mọ́ž	mọ́ž
dative dajȃlnik	mọ̑žu, mọ̑ži	možẹ̑ma	možẹ̑m
accusative tožȋlnik	možȃ	možȃ	možẹ̑
locative mẹ̑stnik	mọ̑žu, mọ̑ži	možẹ́h	možẹ́h
instrumental orọ̑dnik	mọ̑žem	možẹ̑ma	možmí
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	mọ̑ž	možȃ	možjẹ̑

• Some nouns can also have open-mid vowel in dative and locative singular. In these cases, it is long acute. In dative, if it has -ov- infix in the plural, it can be present regardless of the preposition, otherwise it can only appear if preceded by a preposition.

First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , long mixed accent
nom. sing.	rọ̑d
gen. sing.	rodȗ
	singular	dual	plural
nominative imenovȃlnik	rọ̑d	rodȏva	rodȏvi
genitive rodȋlnik	rodȗ	rodóv	rodóv
dative dajȃlnik	rọ̑du, ródu, rọ̑di, ródi	rodȏvoma, rodȏvama	rodȏvom, rodȏvam
accusative tožȋlnik	rọ̑d	rodȏva	rodȏve
locative mẹ̑stnik	rọ̑du, ródu, rọ̑di, ródi	rodȏvih, rodȏvah	rodȏvih, rodȏvah
instrumental orọ̑dnik	rọ̑dom	rodȏvi, rodȏvama	rodȏvi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	rọ̑d	rodȏva	rodȏvi

First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , long mixed accent (singularia tantum)
nom. sing.	gnọ̑j
gen. sing.	gnojȃ
	singular
nominative imenovȃlnik	gnọ̑j
genitive rodȋlnik	gnojȃ
dative dajȃlnik	gnọ̑ju, gnóju,+ prep. gnọ̑ji, gnóji+ prep.
accusative tožȋlnik	gnọ̑j
locative mẹ̑stnik	gnọ̑ju, gnóju,+ prep. gnọ̑ji, gnóji+ prep.
instrumental orọ̑dnik	gnọ̑jem
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	gnọ̑j

Other accentual irregularities

• In some prepositional phrases, nouns can be accented one syllable towards the start of the word; this is very common in na prȋmer (rarely na primẹ̑r), other times it is less common, e.g. za lȃse privlẹ̑čen. These accents are always long circumflex.

• Mixed accent nouns that do not have additional possible form with open-mid vowel in locative singular can in this form bear any accent in adverbially used prepositional phrases (i.e. to indicate place, time, manner or cause) if they are singularia tantum in that sense or have ending -ẹ́h in locative dual/plural, e.g. v lẹ̄su 'in the wood', v strāhu 'trepidly' and na brẹ̄gu 'on the shore/slope'.