莙薘

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (莙薘)		莙	薘
simp. (莙荙)		莙	荙
alternative forms		君達／君达 軍薘／军荙 軍達／军达

Etymology

Attested since the 5^th century CE. The Jingxingji of the 8^th century records that this vegetable was produced in the country of Mo-lu 末祿 / 末禄 (< *Mar-luk), perhaps referring to Merv in modern-day Turkmenistan.

It is an Iranian loan, corresponding to Middle Persian forms of the type of *gundar or *gundur (Laufer, 1967). Compare modern Persian چغندر (čoğondar, “beet”), Turkmen şuğundyr, etc.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jūndá, jùndá

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩㄣ ㄉㄚˊ, ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gwan¹ daat⁶
• Jin (Wiktionary): jyng¹ dah⁵
• Northern Min (KCR): gěng-duòi

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jūndá
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣ ㄉㄚˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jyundá
    • Wade–Giles: chün¹-ta²
    • Yale: jyūn-dá
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiundar
    • Palladius: цзюньда (czjunʹda)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jùndá
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jyùndá
    • Wade–Giles: chün⁴-ta²
    • Yale: jyùn-dá
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiunndar
    • Palladius: цзюньда (czjunʹda)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gwan¹ daat⁶
    • Yale: gwān daaht
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gwan¹ daat⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: guen¹ dad⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐn⁵⁵ taːt̚²/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: jyng¹ dah⁵
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕyŋ¹¹ taʔ⁵⁴/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gěng-duòi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /keiŋ²¹ tuɛ⁴²/

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• Middle Chinese: kjun dat

Rime
Character	莙	薘
Reading #	2/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	曷 (63)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	舉云切	唐割切
Baxter	kjun	dat
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨun/	/dɑt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kiun/	/dɑt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kiuən/	/dɑt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kun/	/dat̚/
Li Rong	/kiuən/	/dɑt̚/
Wang Li	/kĭuən/	/dɑt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯uən/	/dʱɑt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jūn	dá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwan1	daat6

Noun

莙薘

1. chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 莙薘菜 (“chard”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		莙薘菜, 葉甜菜
Northeastern Mandarin	Harbin	莙薘菜
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	莙薘菜
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	厚皮菜, 牛皮菜
	Wuhan	甜白菜
	Guiyang	牛皮菜
	Liuzhou	豬肚菜, 豬婆菜
	Nanning (Wuming)	牛皮菜
Cantonese	Guangzhou	莙薘菜, 豬乸菜, 𣸛菜
	Hong Kong	豬乸菜
	Dongguan	莙薘菜, 豬乸菜, 甜菜
	Yunfu	豬婆菜
	Yangjiang	豬乸菜
	Nanning	厚皮菜, 豬乸菜
	Wuzhou	豆腐菜, 關辣菜
	Yulin	豆腐菜, 豬乸菜
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	母豬菜, 油菜
Gan	Nanchang	莙藍菜
	Lichuan	莙菜
	Pingxiang	莙菜
Hakka	Meixian	勺菜, 豬食菜
	Xingning	豬嫲菜
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	豬乸菜, 勺菜
	Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng)	勺菜
	Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding)	豬嫲菜, 蒲勺菜
	Yudu	莙薘菜, 豬婆菜
	Ruijin	莙薘
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	勺菜
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	勺菜
	Hong Kong	勺菜
Jin	Taiyuan	莙薘
Northern Min	Jian'ou	莙薘
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	牛皮菜, 豬母菜 suburbs
	Fuqing	豬母菜
	Yongtai	煠菜
	Gutian	煠菜
Southern Min	Xiamen	茄茉菜
	Quanzhou	茄茉菜, 軍辣菜
	Jinjiang	茄茉菜
	Yongchun	厚老菜
	Zhangzhou	茄茉菜
	Zhao'an	茄茉菜
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	茄茉仔
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	茄茉菜
	Kaohsiung	茄茉菜, 茄茉仔
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	茄茉菜
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	茄茉菜, 茄茉仔菜
	Yilan (Toucheng)	茄茉仔, 生疥菜
	Tainan (Anping)	茄茉菜
	Penghu (Xiyu)	茄茉菜
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	禾菜
	Chaozhou	厚合
	Shantou	厚合菜
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	厚合菜, 厚合
	Jieyang	厚合, 厚合菜
Puxian Min	Putian	春不老
	Xianyou	春不老
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	厚皮菜
Wu	Ningbo	軟菜, 莙薘
	Wenzhou	甜菜, 牛皮菜
Xiang	Changsha	牛皮菜, 豬婆菜, 泥白菜
	Loudi	豬婆菜
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	甜菜, 牛耳菜

Derived terms

• 莙薘菜 / 莙荙菜 (jūndácài)