肉袒

Chinese

		meat; flesh	to bare
simp. and trad. (肉袒)		肉	袒
Literally: “to bare one's flesh”.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): ròutǎn

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄡˋ ㄊㄢˇ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: ròutǎn
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄡˋ ㄊㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ròutǎn
    • Wade–Giles: jou⁴-tʻan³
    • Yale: ròu-tǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rowtaan
    • Palladius: жоутань (žoutanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐoʊ̯⁵¹ tʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

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• Middle Chinese: nyuwk danX

Rime
Character	肉	袒
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	屋 (4)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	如六切	徒旱切
Baxter	nyuwk	danX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨuk̚/	/dɑnX/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiuk̚/	/dɑnX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiuk̚/	/dɑnX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵuwk̚/	/danX/
Li Rong	/ȵiuk̚/	/dɑnX/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭuk̚/	/dɑnX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯uk̚/	/dʱɑnX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rù	dàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	juk6	daan6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*njuɡ  daːnʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	肉
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	ròu
Middle Chinese	‹ nyuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*k.nuk/
English	meat, flesh
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	肉	袒
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	10866	2066
Phonetic component	肉	旦
Rime group	覺	元
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	肉	但
Old Chinese	/*njuɡ/	/*daːnʔ/
Notes		通作綻

Verb

肉袒

1. (literary) to be partially naked (chiefly baring the arms up to the shoulders or the entire upper body, a gesture of humility)

   • 君在，大夫射，則肉袒。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     君在，大夫射，则肉袒。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Etiquette and Ceremonial, circa 475 – 221 BCE

     Jūn zài, dàfū shè, zé ròutǎn. [Pinyin]

     In the presence of the monarch, when a dafu ("Great Officer") engages in the archery, he should bare his arms.

   • 鄭伯肉袒牽羊以逆，曰，「孤不天，不能事君，使君懷怒，以及敝邑，孤之罪也，敢不唯命是聽。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     郑伯肉袒牵羊以逆，曰，「孤不天，不能事君，使君怀怒，以及敝邑，孤之罪也，敢不唯命是听。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Zhèngbó ròutǎn qiān yáng yǐ nì, yuē, “gū bù tiān, bùnéng shì jūn, shǐ jūn huáinù, yǐ jí bìyì, gū zhī zuì yě, gǎn bù wéi mìng shì tīng.” [Pinyin]

     The Duke of Zheng, baring his torso and pulling a lamb by the cord, went to receive (the conquerors), saying, "This lowly person has failed Heaven by his inability to serve Your Majesty, and thus incurred you wrath that befell this unworthy land. I am the guilty one, and I all I can do is to submit to your command with full faith."

Derived terms

• 稽顙肉袒／稽颡肉袒
• 肉袒牽羊／肉袒牵羊
• 肉袒負荊／肉袒负荆
• 肉袒面縛／肉袒面缚