橄欖

See also: 橄榄

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (橄欖)		橄	欖
simp. (橄榄)		橄	榄

Etymology

Borrowed from a Kra-Dai language in ancient times.

Compare Zhuang gyamj (“olive”), Lao ເຫລືອມ (lư̄am, “Canarium kerrii”), ເກິມ (kœm, “Canarium venosum”), as well as Middle Vietnamese tlám (“olive”) (from earlier < *klam; Modern trám).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): gǎnlǎn

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢˇ ㄌㄢˇ

  (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): gǎnlǎn

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam³ laam² / gaam³ laam⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ká-lám / kám-lám

  (Hailu, HRS): ga^ˋ lam^ˊ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gam³ lam³

• Jin (Wiktionary): gan² lan²
• Northern Min (KCR): găng-lǎng
• Eastern Min (BUC): gā-lāng / gāng-lāng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): káⁿ-ná / kaⁿ-ná / kán-ná / kan-ná

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gan¹ na²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ke-le
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan³ lan³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gǎnlǎn [Phonetic: gánlǎn]
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄢˇ ㄌㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gǎnlǎn
    • Wade–Giles: kan³-lan³
    • Yale: gǎn-lǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaanlaan
    • Palladius: ганьлань (ganʹlanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  • (Nanjing)
    • Nanjing Pinyin: gǎnlǎn [Phonetic: gánlǎn]
    • Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): gan³ lan³ [Phonetic: gan² lan³]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kã¹¹⁻¹² lã¹¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gaam³ laam² / gaam³ laam⁵
    • Yale: gaam láam / gaam láahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaam³ laam² / gaam³ laam⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: gam³ lam² / gam³ lam⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːm³³ laːm³⁵/, /kaːm³³ laːm¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ká-lám / kám-lám
    • Hakka Romanization System: ga^ˋ lam^ˋ / gam^ˋ lam^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ga³ lam³ / gam³ lam³
    • Sinological IPA: /ka³¹ lam³¹/, /kam³¹ lam³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: ga^ˋ lam^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /ka⁵³ lam²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gam³ lam³
    • Sinological IPA: /kam³¹ lam³¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: gan² lan²
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kæ̃⁵³⁻¹¹ læ̃⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: găng-lǎng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ²⁴ laŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gā-lāng / gāng-lāng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka³³⁻³⁵ l̃aŋ³³/, /kaŋ³³⁻³⁵ ^(l-)nˡaŋ³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káⁿ-ná
    • Tâi-lô: kánn-ná
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvafnar
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Kinmen, Magong, variant in Taiwan, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kaⁿ-ná
    • Tâi-lô: kann-ná
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvanar
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kã³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kã⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/
    • IPA (Philippines): /kã³³ na⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /kã⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kán-ná
    • Tâi-lô: kán-ná
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kafnnar
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ nã⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Lukang, Hsinchu, Taichung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ná
    • Tâi-lô: kan-ná
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kannar
    • IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/
    • IPA (Lukang): /kan³³ nã⁵⁵/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gan¹ na²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kaⁿ ná
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kã³³⁻²³ na⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵ke-le
    • MiniDict: ke^去 le
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ke-le
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ke³³ le⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gan³ lan³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan⁴¹ l̃an⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: kamX lamX

Rime
Character	橄	欖
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	談 (143)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古覽切	盧敢切
Baxter	kamX	lamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑmX/	/lɑmX/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑmX/	/lɑmX/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑmX/	/lɑmX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kamX/	/lamX/
Li Rong	/kɑmX/	/lɑmX/
Wang Li	/kɑmX/	/lɑmX/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑmX/	/lɑmX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gǎn	lǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gam2	laam5

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*klaːmʔ  ɡ·raːmʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	橄	欖
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3675	6089
Phonetic component	敢	監
Rime group	談	談
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	敢	覽
Old Chinese	/*klaːmʔ/	/*ɡ·raːmʔ/

Noun

橄欖

1. Chinese olive (Canarium album)
2. European olive (Olea europaea)

Usage notes

It is easy to confuse the European and Chinese olives, because they are often referred to by the same name. Fortunately, there is little overlap in use: the European olive is packaged for food in brine (it is inedible fresh), or as oil pressed from the fruit. The Chinese olive is dried or candied, or the nuts are eaten. The European olive is foreign and mentioned in the Bible, as well as in the context of the Middle East and Europe, while the Chinese olive is native and East Asian.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 橄欖 (“olive”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		橄欖
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	橄欖
	Harbin	橄欖
	Singapore	橄欖
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	青果
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	青果, 橄欖
	Xi'an	青果
	Xuzhou	青果, 橄欖
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	橄欖
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	青果
	Wuhan	青果
	Guiyang	橄欖
	Guilin	橄欖
	Liuzhou	橄欖
	Dagudi (Maliba)	橄欖, 橄欖果
	Reshuitang (Longling)	橄欖果
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	橄欖果
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	橄欖
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	青果, 橄欖
	Yangzhou	橄欖
	Chuzhou	青果
Cantonese	Guangzhou	欖
	Hong Kong	橄欖
Gan	Nanchang	青果
	Lichuan	橄欖
	Pingxiang	青果
Hakka	Meixian	欖仔, 橄欖
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	橄欖
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	橄欖, 欖仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	橄欖
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	橄欖
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	橄欖
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	橄欖
Huizhou	Jixi	青果
Jin	Taiyuan	橄欖
	Xinzhou	橄欖
Northern Min	Jian'ou	橄欖
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	青果, 橄欖
Southern Min	Xiamen	橄欖
	Quanzhou	橄欖
	Zhangzhou	橄欖
	Taipei	草橄欖
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	草橄欖
	Kaohsiung	草橄欖
	Yilan	草橄欖
	Changhua (Lukang)	橄欖
	Taichung	橄欖
	Tainan	草橄欖
	Hsinchu	橄欖
	Kinmen	橄欖
	Penghu (Magong)	橄欖
	Singapore (Hokkien)	橄欖
	Shantou	橄欖
	Haikou	青果, 欖
Puxian Min	Putian	橄欖
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	橄欖
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	橄欖
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	橄欖
	Xianyou	橄欖
	Xianyou (Fengting)	橄欖
	Xianyou (Youyang)	橄欖
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	欖果
Wu	Shanghai	橄欖
	Shanghai (Chongming)	橄欖
	Suzhou	橄欖
	Danyang	橄欖
	Hangzhou	青果, 橄欖
	Ningbo	青果, 橄欖
	Wenzhou	橄欖
	Jinhua	青果
Xiang	Changsha	青果, 橄欖

Derived terms

• 橄榄仙
• 橄榄岩
• 橄欖僊／橄榄仙
• 橄欖子／橄榄子 (“betel nut”)
• 橄欖孫／橄榄孙
• 橄欖山／橄榄山 (Gǎnlǎn Shān)
• 橄欖枝／橄榄枝 (gǎnlǎnzhī, “olive branch”)
• 橄欖樹／橄榄树 (gǎnlǎnshù)
• 橄欖油／橄榄油 (gǎnlǎnyóu, “olive oil”)
• 橄欖球／橄榄球 (gǎnlǎnqiú, “rugby”)
• 橄欖石／橄榄石 (gǎnlǎnshí, “olivine”)
• 橄欖糖／橄榄糖
• 橄欖綠／橄榄绿
• 橄欖色／橄榄色 (gǎnlǎnsè)
• 橄欖菜／橄榄菜
• 橄欖香／橄榄香
• 油橄欖／油橄榄 (yóugǎnlǎn)
• 洋橄欖／洋橄榄
• 綠橄欖／绿橄榄 (lǜgǎnlǎn)
• 錫蘭橄欖／锡兰橄榄 (xīlán gǎnlǎn)
• 黑橄欖／黑橄榄 (hēigǎnlǎn, “black olive”)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (橄欖):

• → Japanese: 橄欖(かんらん) (kanran)
• → Korean: 감람(橄欖) (gamnam)
• → Vietnamese: cảm lãm (橄欖)

Others:

• → English: kana (“olives that have been dried and preserved using salt and sugar, eaten as a snack”)
• Macanese: (from 欖) lám
• → Malay: kanar (“Chinese olive eaten salted or sweet”)
• → Thai: กาน้า (kānā, “Canarium album”)

Verb

橄欖

1. (Mainland China, Internet slang, vulgar) Alternative form of 幹爛／干烂 (“to ruin”)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
橄	欖
かん Hyōgai	らん Hyōgai
on'yomi

Noun

橄(かん)欖(らん) or 橄欖(カンラン) • (kanran) 

1. Chinese olive, Canarium album
2. (dated, by confusion) olive

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

Derived terms

• 橄欖岩(かんらんがん) (kanrangan, “peridotite”)
• 橄欖石(かんらんせき) (kanranseki, “olivine, peridot”)
• 橄欖山(かんらんざん) (Kanranzan, “Mount of Olives”)
• 橄欖油(かんらんゆ) (kanran'yu, “olive oil”)
• 橄欖色(かんらんしょく) (kanranshoku, “olive colour”)

Korean

Hanja in this term
橄	欖

Noun

橄欖 • (gamnam) (hangeul 감람)

1. hanja form^? of 감람 (“Chinese white olive”)