僚

See also: 𠆨

僚 U+50DA, 僚 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50DA ← 僙 [U+50D9] CJK Unified Ideographs 僛 → [U+50DB]

僚 U+F9BB, 僚 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9BB ← 了 [U+F9BA] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 寮 → [U+F9BC]

Translingual

Han character

僚 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+12, 14 strokes, cangjie input 人大金火 (OKCF), four-corner 2429₆, composition ⿰亻尞)

Derived characters

• 𡒭

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 116, character 25
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1100
• Dae Jaweon: page 248, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 218, character 3
• Unihan data for U+50DA

• Unihan data for U+F9BB

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 僚
Oracle bone script j18875 Small seal script s05694
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (尞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
簝	*reːw, *reːw
潦	*reːwʔ, *reːws
獠	*reːwʔ, *ʔr'eːwʔ, *reːw
轑	*reːwʔ
橑	*reːwʔ, *reːw
燎	*rew, *rewʔ, *rews
繚	*rewʔ, *reːw, *reːwʔ
璙	*rewʔ, *reːw, *reːws
憭	*rewʔ, *reːw, *reːwʔ
爒	*rewʔ, *reːwʔ
僚	*rewʔ, *reːw
嫽	*rewʔ, *reːw, *reːws
療	*rews
膫	*rews, *reːw
鷯	*rews, *reːw
遼	*reːw
撩	*reːw, *reːwʔ
嘹	*reːw, *reːw, *reːws
寮	*reːw
飉	*reːw
竂	*reːw
鐐	*reːw, *reːws
蟟	*reːw
瞭	*reːw, *reːwʔ
嶚	*reːw
镽	*reːwʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *rewʔ, *reːw) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 尞 ().

Pronunciation 1

simp. and trad.		僚
2nd round simp.		𠆨
alternative forms		寮 尞

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): liáo (liao²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄠˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): liu⁴
• Eastern Min (BUC): lièu
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liâu
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶liau

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: liáo
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄠˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: liáo
    • Wade–Giles: liao²
    • Yale: lyáu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liau
    • Palladius: ляо (ljao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: liu⁴
    • Yale: lìuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: liu⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: liu⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːu̯²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lièu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ieu⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâu
    • Tâi-lô: liâu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liaau
    • IPA (Xiamen): /liau²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liau²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liau¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /liau²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liau²³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶liau
    • MiniDict: liau^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³liau
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɔ²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: lew, ljewX

Rime
Character	僚	僚
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	蕭 (93)	宵 (91)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	落蕭切	力小切
Baxter	lew	ljewX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/leu/	/liᴇuX/
Pan Wuyun	/leu/	/liɛuX/
Shao Rongfen	/leu/	/ljæuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛw/	/liawX/
Li Rong	/leu/	/liɛuX/
Wang Li	/lieu/	/lĭɛuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lieu/	/li̯ɛuX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liáo	liǎo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	liu4	liu5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤew/

  (Zhengzhang): /*rewʔ/, /*reːw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	僚
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liáo
Middle Chinese	‹ lew ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁew/
English	office or position
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	僚	僚
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	8084	8095
Phonetic component	尞	尞
Rime group	宵	宵
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	繚	聊
Old Chinese	/*rewʔ/	/*reːw/

Definitions

僚

1. official; bureaucrat

   官僚  ―  guānliáo  ―  bureaucrat

2. colleague; associate; companion

   同僚  ―  tóngliáo  ―  colleague; coworker

3. a surname

Compounds

• 下僚
• 僚佐 (liáozuǒ)
• 僚友
• 僚寀 / 僚采
• 僚屬 / 僚属 (liáoshǔ)
• 僚機 / 僚机 (liáojī)
• 同僚 (tóngliáo)
• 壙僚 / 圹僚
• 大僚
• 官僚 (guānliáo)
• 官僚主義 / 官僚主义 (guānliáo zhǔyì)
• 官僚政治
• 官僚資本 / 官僚资本
• 官僚資本主義 / 官僚资本主义 (guānliáo zīběnzhǔyì)
• 幕僚 (mùliáo)
• 幕僚機關 / 幕僚机关
• 朋僚 (péngliáo)
• 百僚
• 臣僚 (chénliáo)

 

Pronunciation 2

simp. and trad.		僚

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): liǎo (liao³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄠˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): liu⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: liǎo
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄠˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: liǎo
    • Wade–Giles: liao³
    • Yale: lyǎu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leau
    • Palladius: ляо (ljao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: liu⁵
    • Yale: líuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: liu⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: liu⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːu̯¹³/

Definitions

僚

1. ^† good; beautiful

   • 月出皎兮、佼人僚兮。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Yuè chū jiǎo xī, jiǎorén liǎo xī. [Pinyin]

     The moon comes forth in her brightness;
     How lovely is that beautiful lady!

Pronunciation 3

simp. and trad.		僚

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lǎo (lao³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄠˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lou⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lǎo
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lǎo
    • Wade–Giles: lao³
    • Yale: lǎu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lao
    • Palladius: лао (lao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lou⁵
    • Yale: lóuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lou⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: lou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lou̯¹³/

Definitions

僚

1. (historical) Alternative form of 䝤 (lǎo, “an ancient tribe in southwestern China”)

Compounds

• 僚人

 

References

• “僚”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

僚

(Jōyō kanji)

1. colleague
2. official
3. companion

Readings

• Go-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←れう (reu, historical)}
• Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←れう (reu, historical)}
• Kun: とも (tomo, 僚)、つかさ (tsukasa, 僚)

Affix

僚(りょう) • (ryō) 

1. colleague

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 僚 (MC lew|ljewX). Recorded as Middle Korean 료 (lyo) (Yale: lyo) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

僚 (eumhun 동료 료 (dongnyo ryo), word-initial (South Korea) 동료 요 (dongnyo yo))

1. hanja form^? of [[료/요#Korean:_僚|료/요]] (“colleague”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 동료 (同僚, dongnyo)
• 관료 (官僚, gwallyo)
• 각료 (閣僚, gangnyo)
• 막료 (幕僚, mangnyo)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

僚: Hán Nôm readings: liêu

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.