धर्म

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dharma).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d̪ʱəɾm/, [d̪ʱɐɾm]
• Rhymes: -əɾm

Noun

धर्म • (dharm) m (Urdu spelling دھرم)

1. religion, faith

   Synonym: मज़हब (mazhab)

   हम किसी धर्म का तिरस्कार नहीं करना चाहते।

   ham kisī dharm kā tiraskār nahī̃ karnā cāhte.

   We do not want to disregard any religion.

   धर्म हमारे समाज की रीढ़ है।

   dharm hamāre samāj kī rīṛh hai.

   Religion is the backbone of our society.

2. virtue, righteousness; morality

   हमारा नेता एक धर्म-स्तम्भ है।

   hamārā netā ek dharm-stambh hai.

   Our leader is a pillar of righteousness.

3. duty

   Synonyms: कर्तव्य (kartavya), फ़र्ज़ (farz)

   तुम्हारी मृत्यु से पहले, अपना अन्तिम धर्म निभाना पड़ता।

   tumhārī mŕtyu se pahle, apnā antim dharm nibhānā paṛtā.

   Before your death, you must fulfill your duty.

Declension

Declension of धर्म (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	धर्म dharm	धर्म dharm
oblique	धर्म dharm	धर्मों dharmõ
vocative	धर्म dharm	धर्मो dharmo

Derived terms

• अधर्म (adharm, “unrighteousness; irreligion”)
• धर्म काँटा (dharm kā̃ṭā, “balance installed for public benefit”)
• धर्म परिवर्तन (dharm parivartan, “religious conversion”)
• धर्मकार्य (dharmakārya, “religious rite or function”)
• धर्मग्रंथ (dharmagranth, “religious scripture”)
• धर्मघड़ी (dharmaghṛī, “large clock in public space”)
• धर्मतन्त्र (dharmatantra, “theocracy”)
• धर्मनिष्ठ (dharmaniṣṭh, “devout; religious”)
• धर्मभ्रष्ट (dharmabhraṣṭ, “gone astray from the path of religion or righteousness”)
• धर्ममार्ग (dharmamārg, “the path of virtue”)
• धर्मव्रती (dharmavratī, “duty-bound”)
• धर्मशाला (dharmaśālā, “free-of-charge rest house”)
• धार्मिक (dhārmik, “religious”)
• विधर्म (vidharm, “heresy”)

 

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989) “धर्म”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• Caturvedi, Mahendra, Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970) “धर्म”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dharma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪ʱəɾ.mə/

Noun

धर्म • (dharma) m

1. religion
2. (Hinduism) virtue, righteousness; morality

Declension

Declension of धर्म (masc cons-stem)
direct singular	धर्म dharm
direct plural	धर्म dharm
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	धर्म dharm		धर्म dharm
oblique सामान्यरूप	धर्मा dharmā		धर्मां- dharmān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	धर्माला dharmālā		धर्मांना dharmānnā
ergative	धर्माने, धर्मानं dharmāne, dharmāna		धर्मांनी dharmānnī
instrumental	धर्माशी dharmāśī		धर्मांशी dharmānśī
locative सप्तमी	धर्मात dharmāt		धर्मांत dharmāt
vocative संबोधन	धर्मा dharmā		धर्मांनो dharmānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of धर्म (masc cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	धर्माचा dharmāċā	धर्माचे dharmāċe	धर्माची dharmācī	धर्माच्या dharmācā	धर्माचे, धर्माचं dharmāċe, dharmāċa	धर्माची dharmācī	धर्माच्या dharmācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	धर्मांचा dharmānċā	धर्मांचे dharmānċe	धर्मांची dharmāñcī	धर्मांच्या dharmāncā	धर्मांचे, धर्मांचं dharmānċe, dharmānċa	धर्मांची dharmāñcī	धर्मांच्या dharmāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

• धर्मगुरू (dharmagurū, “priest”)
• धर्मग्रंथ (dharmagrantha, “religious scriptures”)
• धर्मनिरपेक्ष (dharmanirpekṣa, “secular”)
• धर्मशाळा (dharmaśāḷā)
• धार्मिक (dhārmik, “religious”)

 

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “धर्म”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Nepali

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dharma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d̪ʱʌ̤rmʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: धर्म

Noun

धर्म • (dharma)

1. religion

Newar

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dharma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dʱəɾmə]

Noun

धर्म • (dharma) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩)

1. religion

Old Gujarati

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dharma).

Noun

धर्म • (dharma) m

1. duty
2. dharma

Descendants

• Gujarati: ધર્મ (dharma)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• ধৰ্ম (Assamese script)
• ᬥᬃᬫ (Balinese script)
• ধর্ম (Bengali script)
• 𑰠𑰨𑰿𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀥𑀭𑁆𑀫 (Brahmi script)
• ဓရ်္မ (Burmese script)
• ધર્મ (Gujarati script)
• ਧਰ੍ਮ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌧𑌰𑍍𑌮 (Grantha script)
• ꦣꦂꦩ (Javanese script)
• 𑂡𑂩𑂹𑂧 (Kaithi script)
• ಧರ್ಮ (Kannada script)
• ធម៌ (Khmer script)
• ຘຣ຺ມ (Lao script)
• ധര്മ (Malayalam script)
• ᢡᠠᡵᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘠𑘨𑘿𑘦 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠾᠠᠷᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧀𑧈𑧠𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 (Newa script)
• ଧର୍ମ (Odia script)
• ꢤꢬ꣄ꢪ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆣𑆫𑇀𑆩 (Sharada script)
• 𑖠𑖨𑖿𑖦 (Siddham script)
• ධර්‍ම (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩮𑩼 𑪙𑩴 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚜𑚤𑚶𑚢 (Takri script)
• த⁴ர்ம (Tamil script)
• ధర్మ (Telugu script)
• ธรฺม (Thai script)
• དྷ་རྨ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒡𑒩𑓂𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨜𑨫𑩇𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰármas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰér-mos, from *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). Cognate with Latin firmus (“stable, strong”) (whence also English firm).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /dʱɐ́ɾ.mɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪ʱɐɾ.mɐ/

Noun

धर्म • (dhárma) stem, m

1. morality, virtue, moral code, good deed, good works
2. that which is established or firm, steadfast decree, statute, ordinance, law
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.165.50:

     य॒ज्ञेन॑ य॒ज्ञम॑यजन्त दे॒वास्तानि॒ धर्मा॑णि प्रथ॒मान्या॑सन्।
     ते ह॒ नाकं॑ महि॒मान॑: सचन्त॒ यत्र॒ पूर्वे॑ सा॒ध्याः सन्ति॑ दे॒वाः॥

     yajñéna yajñámayajanta devā́stā́ni dhármāṇi prathamā́nyāsan.
     té ha nā́kaṃ mahimā́na: sacanta yátra pū́rve sādhyā́ḥ sánti devā́ḥ.

     By means of sacrifice the Gods accomplished their sacrifice: these were the earliest ordinances.
     These Mighty Ones attained the height of heaven, there where the Sadhyas, Gods of old, are dwelling.

3. usage, practice, customary observance or prescribed conduct, duty
4. right, justice (often as a synonym of punishment)
5. religion, religious merit
6. Law or Justice personified
7. the law or doctrine of Buddhism
8. the ethical precepts of Buddhism
9. the law of Northern Buddhism
10. nature, character, peculiar condition or essential quality, property, mark, peculiarity
11. associating with the virtuous
12. religious abstraction, devotion
13. bow
14. Soma-drinker
15. name of the 15th अर्हत् (arhat) of the present अवसर्पिणी (avasarpiṇī)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of धर्म (dhárma)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	धर्मः dhármaḥ	धर्मौ / धर्मा¹ dhármau / dhármā¹	धर्माः / धर्मासः¹ dhármāḥ / dhármāsaḥ¹
Vocative	धर्म dhárma	धर्मौ / धर्मा¹ dhármau / dhármā¹	धर्माः / धर्मासः¹ dhármāḥ / dhármāsaḥ¹
Accusative	धर्मम् dhármam	धर्मौ / धर्मा¹ dhármau / dhármā¹	धर्मान् dhármān
Instrumental	धर्मेण dhármeṇa	धर्माभ्याम् dhármābhyām	धर्मैः / धर्मेभिः¹ dhármaiḥ / dhármebhiḥ¹
Dative	धर्माय dhármāya	धर्माभ्याम् dhármābhyām	धर्मेभ्यः dhármebhyaḥ
Ablative	धर्मात् dhármāt	धर्माभ्याम् dhármābhyām	धर्मेभ्यः dhármebhyaḥ
Genitive	धर्मस्य dhármasya	धर्मयोः dhármayoḥ	धर्माणाम् dhármāṇām
Locative	धर्मे dhárme	धर्मयोः dhármayoḥ	धर्मेषु dhármeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Related terms

• अधर्म (ádharma)
• धर्मगुरु (dharmaguru)
• धर्मन् (dhárman)
• धर्मन् (dharmán)
• धार्म (dhārmá)
• धार्मिक (dhārmika)

Descendants

• → Bengali: ধর্ম (dhormo)
• → Chinese: 達摩 / 达摩 (dámó)
• → Dhivehi: ދަރުމަ (daruma)
• → Dutch: dharma
• → English: dharma
• → Gujarati: ધર્મ (dharma)
• → Hindi: धर्म (dharm)
• → Indonesian: darma, derma
• → Irish: darma
• → Italian: dharma
• → Japanese: 達磨, ダルマ, ダーマ
• → Kannada: ಧರ್ಮ (dharma)
• → Khmer: ធម៌ (tʰoa)
• → Korean: 달마 (dalma)
• → Lao: ທຳ (tham)
• → Marathi: धर्म (dharma)
• → Malay: derma (درما)
• → Mongolian: дарма (darma)
• → Nepali: धर्म (dharma)
• → Old Javanese: dharma
  • > Javanese: ꦢꦂꦩ (darma) (inherited)
  • → Balinese: ᬥᬃᬫ (darma, dharma)
• Pali: dhamma
  • → English: dhamma
  • → French: dhamma
  • → Burmese: ဓမ္မ (dhamma.)
• → Portuguese: darma
• Punjabi: دَھرَم (dharam) / ਧਰਮ (dharam)
• → Tamil: தருமம் (tarumam)
• → Telugu: ధర్మము (dharmamu)
• → Thai: ธรรม (tam)
• → Tibetan: ལྷ་ཆོས (lha chos)
• → Tocharian B: agradharma
• → Vietnamese: đạt ma

(with अग्र (agra))

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “धर्म”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0510.