shikamana

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

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Verb

-shikamana (infinitive kushikamana)

1. Reciprocal form of -shikama: to be cohesive or consolidated, stick together
2. to be busy

Conjugation

Conjugation of -shikamana
Positive present -nashikamana Subjunctive -shikamane Negative -shikamani Imperative singular shikamana
Infinitives
Positive kushikamana Negative kutoshikamana
Imperatives
Singular shikamana Plural shikamaneni
Tensed forms
Habitual hushikamana Positive past positive subject concord + -lishikamana Negative past negative subject concord + -kushikamana
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nashikamana) Singular Plural 1st person ninashikamana/nashikamana tunashikamana 2nd person unashikamana mnashikamana 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anashikamana wanashikamana other classes positive subject concord + -nashikamana
Negative present (negative subject concord + -shikamani) Singular Plural 1st person sishikamani hatushikamani 2nd person hushikamani hamshikamani 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hashikamani hawashikamani other classes negative subject concord + -shikamani
Positive future positive subject concord + -tashikamana Negative future negative subject concord + -tashikamana
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -shikamane) Singular Plural 1st person nishikamane tushikamane 2nd person ushikamane mshikamane 3rd person m-wa(I/II) ashikamane washikamane other classes positive subject concord + -shikamane
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sishikamane Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeshikamana Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeshikamana Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalishikamana Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalishikamana
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ashikamana) Singular Plural 1st person nashikamana twashikamana 2nd person washikamana mwashikamana 3rd person m-wa(I/II) ashikamana washikamana m-mi(III/IV) washikamana yashikamana ji-ma(V/VI) lashikamana yashikamana ki-vi(VII/VIII) chashikamana vyashikamana n(IX/X) yashikamana zashikamana u(XI) washikamana see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwashikamana pa(XVI) pashikamana mu(XVIII) mwashikamana
Perfect positive subject concord + -meshikamana "Already" positive subject concord + -meshashikamana "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jashikamana "If/When" positive subject concord + -kishikamana "If not" positive subject concord + -siposhikamana Consecutive kashikamana / positive subject concord + -kashikamana Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kashikamane
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nishikamana -tushikamana 2nd person -kushikamana -washikamana/-kushikamaneni/-washikamaneni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mshikamana -washikamana m-mi(III/IV) -ushikamana -ishikamana ji-ma(V/VI) -lishikamana -yashikamana ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kishikamana -vishikamana n(IX/X) -ishikamana -zishikamana u(XI) -ushikamana see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kushikamana pa(XVI) -pashikamana mu(XVIII) -mushikamana Reflexive -jishikamana
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -shikamana- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -shikamanaye -shikamanao m-mi(III/IV) -shikamanao -shikamanayo ji-ma(V/VI) -shikamanalo -shikamanayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -shikamanacho -shikamanavyo n(IX/X) -shikamanayo -shikamanazo u(XI) -shikamanao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -shikamanako pa(XVI) -shikamanapo mu(XVIII) -shikamanamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -shikamana) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yeshikamana -oshikamana m-mi(III/IV) -oshikamana -yoshikamana ji-ma(V/VI) -loshikamana -yoshikamana ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choshikamana -vyoshikamana n(IX/X) -yoshikamana -zoshikamana u(XI) -oshikamana see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -koshikamana pa(XVI) -poshikamana mu(XVIII) -moshikamana
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -shikamania
  • Causative: -shikamanisha
  • Stative: -shikamanika

• Nominal derivations:
  • mshikamano (“cohesion”)