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knap

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Knap

English

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Pronunciation

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A piece of stone being knapped (etymology 1, verb sense 1.1.1) to form an axe head.

Etymology 1

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The verb is derived from Late Middle English knappen (to strike (something));[1] further etymology uncertain, probably related to Middle Dutch knappen, cnappen (to break (something) with a sharp sound, snap; to crack or crackle) (modern Dutch knappen), probably ultimately onomatopoeic.[2]

The noun is derived from Late Middle English knap, knappe (sharp blow, strike);[3] further etymology uncertain, possibly from the verb (see above), or related to an ancestor of Danish knep and Swedish knäpp (a flick, rap, snap),[4] probably ultimately onomatopoeic.

Verb

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knap (third-person singular simple present knaps, present participle knapping, simple past and past participle knapped) (UK, dialectal, except for sense 1.1.1)

  1. (transitive)
    1. To break (something) into small pieces with a cracking sound; to fragment, to smash; also, to break (something) apart sharply; to snap.
      • 1535 October 14 (Gregorian calendar), Myles Coverdale, transl., Biblia: The Byble, [] (Coverdale Bible), [Cologne or Marburg]: [Eucharius Cervicornus and Johannes Soter?], →OCLC, Psalm xlv:[9]:
        He hath made warres to ceaſſe in all the worlde: he hath broken the bowe, he hath knapped the ſpeare in ſonder, ⁊ brẽt [brent] the charettes in the fyre.
        Psalm 46:9 in modern versions of the Bible.
      • 1586, Iohn Avenar [i.e., Johann Habermann], “A Praier for Peace”, in Thomas Rogers, transl., The Enimie of Securitie or A Daily Exercise of Godlie Meditations, [], London: [] Henrie Denham [], →OCLC, page 179:
        O God of peace vvhich makeſt an end of vvarre in al the vvorld, and breakeſt the bovve, and knappeſt the ſpeares aſunder, and burneſt the chariots vvith fire; protect vs from vvarre and ſlaughter; ſcatter the nations that delight in vvarre.
        A reference to the Coverdale Bible: see the 1535 quotation above.
      • 1648, Robert Herrick, “The Bracelet to Julia”, in Hesperides: Or, The Works both Humane & Divine [], London: [] John Williams, and Francis Eglesfield, and are to be sold by Tho[mas] Hunt, [], →OCLC:
        VVhy I tye about thy vvriſt, / Julia, this my ſilken tvvist, / [] / 'Tis but ſilke that bindeth thee; / Knap the thread, and thou art free; / But 'tis othervviſe vvith me: / I am bound, and faſt bound ſo, / That from thee I cannot go; / If I co'd, I vvo'd not so.
      1. (specifically, especially archaeology) To break away flakes from (a brittle material which fractures conchoidally (with planar concentric curves), usually a mineral such as chert, flint, or obsidian), often to form a tool with a sharp edge or point.
        Synonym: chip
        • 1879, Sydney B. J. Skertchly, “Manufacture of Gun-flints”, in On the Manufacture of Gun-flints, the Methods of Excavating for Flint, the Age of Palæolithic Man, and the Connexion between Neolithic Art and the Gun-flint Trade (Memoirs of the Geological Survey, England and Wales), London: [] Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, and sold by Longman & Co., [], →OCLC, page 33:
          An average workman will knap 3,000 flints in a day of 12 hours, but a good one will make 4,000 at a pinch.
        • 1996 November, Lionel Atwill, “The Flash of Flint on Steel”, in Duncan Barnes, editor, Field & Stream, east edition, volume CI, number 7, New York, N.Y.: Times Mirror Magazines, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 48, column 2:
          After every five or six shots, check the flint and tighten the jaws, if the flint has shifted. After twenty shots, flip the flint and dry fire the gun. This should knap the edge [of the flint].
        • 1998 January, Anthony Tolonen, Laura Clifford, “Appendix F: Phase I Cultural Resource Report: Proposed Charlotte-Douglas International Airport Expansion, Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina [Method]”, in Environmental Impact Statement: Charlotte/Douglas International Airport: Appendices F–J (Project E&A-004), volume I (Technical Report), page 39:
          Not all chert and non-chert materials are amenable to knapping. [] Because a knapper removes flakes by loading force into a small area of the target core, materials that contain many inclusions or are coarse-grained are difficult to knap – the inclusions deflect energy producing irregular results.
        • 2021, April Nowell, “Stone Tools, Skill Acquisition and Learning a Craft”, in Growing Up in the Ice Age: Fossil and Archaeological Evidence of the Lived Lives of Plio-Pleistocene Children, Oxford, Oxfordshire; Havertown, Pa.: Oxbow Books, →ISBN, page 84:
          [O]ne knapper, who was very skilled and, therefore, presumed to be an adult, made highly standardized prismatic blades. These blades were widely distributed for use throughout the site – in fact, only 10 of the 50 blades and bladelets this individual crafted were found where they were knapped.
    2. To strike (something) sharply; to knock, to rap.
      Synonym: knack
      • 1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “VII. Century. [Experiments in Consort, Touching Production, Conseruation, and Delation of Sounds; and the Office of the Aire therein.]”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. [], London: [] William Rawley []; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee [], →OCLC, paragraph 134, page 154:
        Take one Veſſel of Siluer, and another of VVood, and fill each of them full of VVater, and then knap the Tongs together, as before, about an handfull from the Bottome, and you ſhall finde the Sound much more Reſounding from the Veſſel of Siluer, than from that of VVood: [] ſuch a Communication paſſeth farre better, thorovv VVater, than Aire.
      • 1977, Marilynne K. Roach, Encounters with the Invisible World: Being Ten Tales of Ghosts, Witches, & the Devil Himself in New England, New York, N.Y.: Thomas Y[oung] Crowell Co., →ISBN, page 10:
        "That will be sixpence," he said without looking up. She knapped her lips together and turned on her heel without another word.
    3. Followed by off: to break (something) away from another thing by striking or tapping sharply.
      • 1600, T[itus] Livius [i.e., Livy], “[Book LIV]”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Romane Historie [], London: [] Adam Islip, →OCLC, page 38:
        VVith his rod [] he knapt of the uppermoſt heads and tops of the poppies.
      • 1710, Thomas Fuller, “A Scorbutic Foment”, in Pharmacopœia Extemporanea: Or, A Body of Prescripts. [], London: [] Benj[amin] Walford,, [], →OCLC, page 170:
        Its [i.e., the foment is] prevalent in fixt Scorbutic Pains, for as much as it ſuſtains the Tone of the parts, layeth the vveary Spirits to reſt, knappeth off the ſharp points of the Salts, and forceth the acrid Ichor to evaporate either by inſenſible Effluvia or Svveat.
    4. (figurative) To say (something) crisply or sharply.
  2. (intransitive)
    1. To break or fracture suddenly; to snap.
    2. To make a cracking or snapping sound; to crack, to snap.
      • 1676, Richard Wiseman, “An Appendix to the Treatise of Gun-shot Wounds. Chapter VIII. Of Luxation of the Hip.”, in Severall Chirurgicall Treatises, London: [] E. Flesher and J. Macock, for R[ichard] Royston [], and B[enjamin] Took, [], →OCLC, page 495:
        If the Thigh-bone be luxated invvard, and the Patient young and of a tender Conſtitution, it may be reduced by the Hand of the Chirurgeon: [] [H]e muſt ſuddenly force the Knee up tovvards the Belly, and preſs back the head of the Femur into its Acetabulum, and it vvill knap in.
    3. To strike sharply.
    4. (figurative)
      1. To speak crisply or sharply.
      2. (gambling, chiefly dice games, obsolete) To cheat while gambling, especially at a dice game.
Usage notes
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  • In modern usage, the word is generally used in archaeology in sense 1.1.1 (“to break away flakes from (a brittle material), often to form a tool with a sharp edge or point”), referring to the technique of percussion flaking which is distinguished from general chipping, carving (removing only part of a face), and cleaving (breaking along a natural plane).
  • The word is also used in gunsmithing to refer to a process in the production of gunflints, and rarely in stonemasonry to refer to fine chipping done using a small hammer without a chisel.
Conjugation
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Derived terms
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Translations
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See also
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Noun

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knap (plural knaps)

  1. (chiefly archaic or obsolete except UK, dialectal)
    1. A sudden, sharp blow, knock, or slap; a rap, a whack.
    2. The sound made by such a blow, knock, or slap.
      • 1982, J. D. Martinez, “Kneeing, Kicking, and Stomping”, in Combat Mime: A Non-violent Approach to Stage Violence (A Burnham Publishers Book), Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, published 2001, →ISBN, page 148:
        Foot Stomp [] The sole of the attacker's foot covers the victim's foot without actually touching it. The sounds of the attacker's heel striking the floor creates the knap. The victim adds vocal and physical pain reactions.
      • 2012, Andrew Ashenden, “The Straight Punch”, in Basics of Stage Combat: Unarmed, Boca Raton, Fla.: Universal-Publishers, →ISBN, page 63:
        Pulling the punch straight back to its initial starting position, sometimes referred to as "snapping it back," is the most effective way of selling the straight punch. It tells the audience the punch was thrown, they hear a knap, and the victim is 'injured.' [] The knap sound, like all punches, is crucial to the effect of selling the punch, but the technique used to get the knap sound has to be well hidden.
    3. (agriculture) Synonym of chattering damsel (a component of a traditional mill which creates a vibratory motion to impel portions of grain toward the millstone; a clapper)
  2. (figurative, gambling, chiefly dice games, obsolete) A method of cheating at a dice game.
    • a. 1659 (date written), John Cleveland, “The Publick Faith”, in The Works of Mr. John Cleveland, [], London: [] R. Holt, for Obadiah Blagrave, [], published 1687, →OCLC, page 200:
      'Tis your pence a piece, / [] / Preſto begon? or come aloft? VVhat vvay? / Doublets? or Knap? The Cog? lovv Dice? or high?
    • a. 1681 (date written), Samuel Butler, “Satyr”, in R[obert] Thyer, editor, The Genuine Remains in Verse and Prose of Mr. Samuel Butler, [], volume I, London: [] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, [], published 1759, →OCLC, page 83, lines 45–46 and 51–52:
      And fights vvith Money-bags as bold, / As men vvith Sand-bags did of old: / [] Engages blind and ſenſeleſs Hap / 'Gainſt High, and Lovv, and Slur and Knap, []
Translations
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Etymology 2

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From Middle English knap, knappe (small projection, knob (button, tassel, tuft, etc.); hill; hilltop; etc.),[5] from Old English cnæp, cnæpp (summit, top); further etymology uncertain, possibly related to Old Norse knappr (small projection, knob (button, head of a stick, etc.)) (whence English knop),[6] from Proto-Germanic *knappô, *knuppô.

Noun

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knap (plural knaps) (chiefly UK, dialectal)

  1. A piece of raised ground or a short, steep slope; a small hill; a hillock, a knoll.
    • 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Building”, in The Essayes [], 3rd edition, London: [] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:
      [Y]ou ſhall ſee many fine ſeats ſet upon a knap of ground, environed vvith higher hills round about it; []
    • 1810 May 9 (date written), Milo [pseudonym], “Tour from Arbroath to Montrose”, in The Scots Magazine, and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany: [], volume LXXII, Edinburgh: [] Archibald Constable and Company [b]y J. Harden & Co., published May 1810, →OCLC, pages 342–343:
      Through the whole extent of the parish, a line of knaps can be distinctly traced. [] Almost every eminence seems to have had its knap. The use of these knaps cannot be mistaken. The uniform testimony of tradition, their local situation, and the quantity of ashes found in such of them as have been demolished, clearly point it out. They served as beacons, whereon fires were kindled, to indicate alarm, on the appearance of danger, or the approach of an enemy.
    • 1876, Thomas Hardy, “Sandbourne—A Lonely Heath—The ‘Old Fox’—The Highway”, in The Hand of Ethelberta: A Comedy in Chapters [], volume II, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., [], →OCLC, page 235:
      "Now, where's the inn?" said Mountclere, yawning. "Just on the knap," Sol answered. "'Tis a little small place, and we must do as well as we can."
  2. The crest or top of a hill.
    • 1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “(please specify |book=I to XXXVII)”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. [], (please specify |tome=1 or 2), London: [] Adam Islip, →OCLC:
      the highest part and knap of the same Iland
    • 1614, William Browne, “The Shepheard‘s Pipe. The First Eglogue.”, in [Thomas Davies], editor, The Works of William Browne, volume III, London: [] T[homas] Davies, [], published 1772, →OCLC, page 10:
      Hearke on knap of yonder hill / Some ſvveet ſhepheard tunes his quill, / And the maidens in a round / Sit (to heare him) on the ground.
    • 1633, [William Watts], “The Advancing of Another Spanish Armie into the Palatinate, after the King of Swedens Departure thence towards Bavaria. []”, in The Swedish Intelligencer. The Fourth Part. Relating the Chiefest of Those Military Actions of the Swedish Generalls; wherein the King Himselfe was Not Personally with the Armie. [], London: [] [John Legate and Miles Flesher] for Nath[aniel] Butter and N[icholas] Bourne, →OCLC, page 5:
      [] Don Lucas [] thinkes in the darke morning to get the advantage of the hill-knap, and then to fall dovvne upon his enemie to be in his old Quarters. The hill top that Don Lucas thought to have gotten, vvas the ſame knap vvhich the Rhinegrave had before poſſeſſed himſelfe of: on the ſide of vvhich, Stolhanſhe vvas alſo lodged.
Derived terms
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Translations
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Etymology 3

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Origin uncertain; possibly:

Verb

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knap (third-person singular simple present knaps, present participle knapping, simple past and past participle knapped) (obsolete except UK, dialectal)

  1. (transitive) To take a small, quick bite at or of (someone or something); to nibble, to nip, to snap.
  2. (intransitive) To take a small, quick bite.
    • 1721, John Strype, “The King’s Primer; for the Better Instruction of the Laity. Seditious Books Called in. Sir Tho. Eliot’s Letter to Crumwel on this Occasion. Some Account of this Learned Knight.”, in Ecclesiastical Memorials; Relating Chiefly to Religion, and the Reformation of It: Shewing the Various Emergencies of the Church of England, under King Henry the Eighth. [], volume I, London: [] John Wyat, [], →OCLC:
      [In Thomas Elyot's book The Boke Named the Governour (1531)] vvere ſome ſharp and quick ſentences; vvhich many of the ſparks could not vvell bear. They complained of his ſtrange terms, as they called them. Theſe Elyot compared to a galled horſe abiding no plaiſters, that vvere alvvays knapping and kicking at ſuch examples and ſentences as they felt ſharp, or did bite them.
Translations
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Etymology 4

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See nap (etymology 5).

Verb

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knap (third-person singular simple present knaps, present participle knapping, simple past and past participle knapped) (transitive)

  1. Obsolete spelling of nap (to arrest (someone); to grab or nab (someone or something); to steal (something); (obsolete) to receive (severe punishment), especially during a boxing match or a flogging; (generally) to receive (something)).
    • 1820 October, “An Hour’s Tete-a-tete with the Public”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume VIII, number XLIII, Edinburgh: William Blackwood; London: T[homas] Cadell and W[illiam] Davies, [], →OCLC, page 81:
      Some entered the ring in very bad condition, and immediately got a-piping, like hot mutton pies—fell on their own blows, and knapped it every round, till they shewed the white feather and bolted.
    • [1823, [Francis Grose]; Pierce Egan, “Knap”, in Grose’s Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, [], London: [] [Samuel] Hooper and [Henry] Wigstead, [], →OCLC:
      [T]o knap a clout, is to steal a pocket-handkerchief: to knap the swag from your pall, is to take from him the property he has just stolen, for the purpose of carrying it: to knap seven or fourteen pen'worth, is to receive sentence of transportation for seven or fourteen years: to knap the glim, is to catch the venereal disease: in making a bargain, to knap the sum offered you, is to accept it; []]

References

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  1. ^ knappen, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  2. ^ Compare knap, v.1”, in OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford: Oxford University Press, June 2024.
  3. ^ knap(pe, n.(2)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  4. ^ Compare knap, n.2”, in OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford: Oxford University Press, June 2024.
  5. ^ knap(pe, n.1”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  6. ^ knap, n.1”, in OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford: Oxford University Press, July 2023.
  7. ^ knippette, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  8. ^ Compare knep, v., n.”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC, reproduced from W[illiam] Grant and D[avid] D. Murison, editors, The Scottish National Dictionary, Edinburgh: Scottish National Dictionary Association, 1931–1976, →OCLC.
  9. 9.0 9.1 knap, v.2”, in OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2024.
  10. ^ gnap, v.”, in OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford: Oxford University Press, March 2024.
  11. ^ nab, v.1”, in OED Online Paid subscription required, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2023.

Further reading

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Danish

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Etymology 1

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Probably from Middle Low German knap, otherwise related to it. Further cognate with German knapp, Swedish knapp, Dutch knap.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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knap

  1. scant, scarce
  2. brief, concise
Inflection
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Inflection of knap
positive comparative superlative
indefinite common singular knap 2
indefinite neuter singular knapt 2
plural knappe 2
definite attributive1 knappe

1 When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
2 The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

Adverb

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knap

  1. hardly, scarcely
  2. just under
  3. barely

Etymology 2

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From Old Norse knappr, from Proto-Germanic *knappô.

Noun

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knap c (singular definite knappen, plural indefinite knapper)

  1. button (in clothes etc.)
  2. button (in machines)
Inflection
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Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Ca. 1500. A word originally found only in Dutch and Low German; compare Middle Low German knap, whence German knapp, Danish knap, Swedish knapp, all “scarce, scant”, also “tight-fitting, small” (of clothes). From the last, Dutch derived “attractive, pretty”, which was then further generalised; cf. semantically German schmücken (to embellish", originally "to fit tightly).

Further origin unknown. Perhaps comparable to Ancient Greek κνάπτω (knáptō, to card wool), κνέφαλλον (knéphallon, flock, wool), in the sense of "tight-fitting, shapely."[1][2]

Adjective

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knap (comparative knapper, superlative knapst)

  1. attractive, handsome, pretty
    Synonyms: aantrekkelijk, fraai, mooi, schoon
  2. impressive, decent, rather good or big
    Synonym: netjes
    Oh, dat is best knap.
    Oh, that's pretty impressive.
  3. smart, intelligent, gifted, clever
    Synonyms: begaafd, slim
  4. (archaic) lissom, agile, brisk, fresh
  5. (archaic) tight-fitting, shapely
  6. (archaic) tight (of a budget), scarce
Declension
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Declension of knap
uninflected knap
inflected knappe
comparative knapper
positive comparative superlative
predicative/adverbial knap knapper het knapst
het knapste
indefinite m./f. sing. knappe knappere knapste
n. sing. knap knapper knapste
plural knappe knappere knapste
definite knappe knappere knapste
partitive knaps knappers
Derived terms
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Descendants
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  • Caribbean Javanese: knap

Adverb

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knap

  1. quite, rather, pretty (reinforces what follows)

Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

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knap

  1. inflection of knappen:
    1. first-person singular present indicative
    2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
    3. imperative

References

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  1. ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “knap2”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
  2. ^ P.A.F. van Veen en N. van der Sijs (1997), Etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden, 2e druk, Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht/Antwerpen

Kashubian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from German knapp.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈknap/
  • Rhymes: -ap
  • Syllabification: knap

Adverb

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knap (not comparable)

  1. (dated) narrowly, just, barely, merely
    Synonyms: ledwie, ledwò

Further reading

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  • Jan Trepczyk (1994) Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
  • Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “lewdie”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[1]
  • knap”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Middle English

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Etymology 1

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From Old English cnæp.

Noun

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knap

  1. Alternative form of knappe (knob)

Etymology 2

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Possibly onomatopoeic.

Noun

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knap

  1. Alternative form of knappe (strike)

Serbo-Croatian

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Etymology

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From German knapp.

Adjective

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knap (Cyrillic spelling кнап)

  1. (colloquial) tight

Adverb

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knap (Cyrillic spelling кнап)

  1. (colloquial) tightly, barely
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Swedish

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Noun

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knap c

  1. (nautical) cleat

Declension

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References

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Anagrams

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